Term
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Definition
case-control (worse!!) -- group by disease; odds ratio
cohort (better!!) -- group by exposure; relative risk |
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Term
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Definition
I -- healthy people; safety, toxicity, pharmacokinetics
II -- diseased people; efficacy, optimal dosing, adverse effects
III -- RTC
IV -- surveillance for rare or long-term adverse effects |
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Term
| sensitivity vs. specificity |
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Definition
sensitivity -- SNOUT
specificity -- SPIN |
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Term
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Definition
| increased prevalence --> increased PPV |
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Term
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Definition
sensitivity/(1-specificity)
>10 --> high likelihood have disease! |
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Term
| important thing about incidence |
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Definition
new cases/total population AT RISK
at risk = not currently with disease or previously positive |
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Term
| odds ratio vs. relative risk |
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Definition
| odds ratio approximates relative risk IF disease is RARE |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| attributable risk percent |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
reliability = precision
validity = accuracy |
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Term
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Definition
| non-random assignment between study groups --> erroneous analysis between two groups |
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Term
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Definition
selecting hospitalized people as controls
example of selection bias |
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Term
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Definition
| example of selection bias |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects not representative of general population |
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Term
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Definition
| researcher's belief in efficacy changes outcome of treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects change behavior because they know they're being watched!! |
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Term
| confounding vs. effect modification |
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Definition
confounding -- asociated with exposure AND disease; if stratified, no longer association between exposure and disease
effect modification -- associated with disease ONLY; if stratify, still shows assoc between exposure and disease |
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Term
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Definition
| having risk factor --> more diagnostic investigation --> more diagnosis |
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Term
| standard error of the mean |
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Definition
| standard deviation/square root of sample size |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Type I vs. Type II error
alpha vs. beta error |
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Definition
Type I = alpha = FP
Type II = beta = FN --> related to power!! |
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Term
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Definition
ability to find difference if there really is one
1-beta |
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Term
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Definition
1. number of end points
2. difference in compliance b/t groups
3. size of effect
4. sample size |
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Term
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Definition
mean +/- Z(SEM)
95% --> Z=1.96
99% --> Z=2.58
SD's -- 68%, 95%, 99.7% |
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Term
| t-test vs. ANOVA vs. chi-square vs. Pearson correlation coefficient |
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Definition
t-test -- means of 2 groups
ANOVA -- means of 3+ groups
chi-square -- categorical outcomes (percentages, proportions, NOT means!!)
correlation coefficient (r) -- do two variables fit a line? |
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Term
| 1o vs. 2o vs 3o prevention |
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Definition
1o - prevent disease
2o - early detection
3o - prevent disability |
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Term
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Definition
| medicarE - Elderly!!, ESRD, certain disabilities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| most effective preventative intervention? |
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Definition
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Term
| beneficence vs. nonmaleficence vs. justice |
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Definition
beneficence -- act in pt's best interest
nonmaleficence -- do no harm
justice -- treat people fairly |
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Term
| unexpected finding during surgery? |
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Definition
| pt must wake up and give new consent |
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Term
| patient can't speak/write and consent |
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Definition
| can be non-verbal consent!! |
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Term
| exceptions to informed consent |
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Definition
1. lacks decision-making capacity or incompetent (legal term!!)
2. emergency
3. therapeutic privilege -- diclosure would harm patient or undermine decision-making capacity!!
4. waiver |
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Term
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Definition
| married, self-supporting, has kids, or in military |
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Term
| don't need parental consent |
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Definition
| emergency, contraceptives, STDs, pregnancy, drug addiction |
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Term
| HIV patient and sexual partner |
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Definition
| patient must protect sexual partner from infection! if not, physician can inform partner! |
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Term
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Definition
| spouse > adult children > parents > siblings > other relatives |
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Term
| exceptions to confidentiality |
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Definition
1. reportable disease
2. Tarasoff decision
3. abuse
4. impaired automobile drivers
5. SI/HI |
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Term
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Definition
| physician must directly inform and protect potential victim from harm |
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Term
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Definition
tort (civil, NOT criminal!)
DERELICTION (negligent) of DUTY causing DAMAGES DIRECTLY to patient
Ob-Gyn, Anesthesiologist |
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Term
| how much to tell child about his own condition? |
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Definition
| parents decide what info can be relayed!! |
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Term
| "There can be no relationship while you are a patient" |
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Definition
| don't say!! implies that there could be one if they weren't your patient anymore |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| changes with age -- sex, sleep, intelligence |
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Definition
sex -- M - slower, longer refractory period; W - vag short, thin, dry; NO CHANGE in sexual interest!!
sleep -- decr REM/slow-wave; incr latency/awakening
intelligence -- NO CHANGE!! |
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Term
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Definition
pathological if...
excessively intense
>2 mo
grief is delayed, inhibited, denied |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| SCN --> NE --> pineal gland --> melatonin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
EEG Waveform
awake, eyes open |
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Definition
| beta (high freq, low amp) |
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Term
EEG Waveform
awake, eyes closed |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Stage 2
sleep spindles
K complexes
longest time!! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
EEG Waveform
slow-wave sleep |
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Definition
Stage 3
delta (low freq, high amp) |
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Term
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Definition
beta
like sex!! increase pulse/BP, erections, decrease with age |
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Term
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Definition
decrease stage 3 sleep
for eniuresis |
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Term
| alcohol, benzos, barbiturates |
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Definition
| decreased REM and delta sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| slow-wave sleep = Stage 3 |
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Term
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Definition
| slow-wave sleep = Stage 3 |
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Term
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Definition
| slow-wave sleep = Stage 3 |
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Term
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Definition
important for initiation sleep
increases slow-wave sleep |
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Term
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Definition
ACh turns on REM
(ACh decrease with age and Alzheimer's!!) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| paramedian pontine reticular formation/conjugate gaze center!! |
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Term
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Definition
| every 90 min, increase duration through night |
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Term
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Definition
1. less slow-wave sleep
2. decr REM latency
3. incr REM early in sleep
4. incr total REM
5. more nighttime wakings
6. early-morning waking |
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Term
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Definition
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