Term
As electrons impinge on the target surface, less than 1% of their kinetic energy is changed to
Select one:
a. recoil electrons.
b. x-rays.
c. heat.
d. gamma rays. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Ionizing radiation is capable of removing _____ from atoms as it passes through the matter.
Select one:
a. neutrons
b. protons
c. electrons
d. ions |
|
Definition
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Term
During a characteristic interaction, the energy of the incident electron must be ____ the electron it knocks from its orbit.
Select one:
a. greater than that of
b. characteristic of
c. less than that of
d. proportional to that of |
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Definition
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Term
Photons with the highest frequencies have the _____.
Select one:
a. highest velocity
b. lowest energy
c. longest wavelengths
d. shortest wavelengths |
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Definition
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Term
Electron kinetic energy in an x-ray tube is increased by raising:
1. mass
2. acceleration
3. kVp
Select one:
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
e. 1 only |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its _____.
Select one:
a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. velocity
d. wavelength |
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Definition
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|
Term
The image linked to this page demonstrates:
Interaction
Select one:
a. Brems x-ray production
b. Photoelectric effect
c. Compton s scatter
d. Characteristic x-ray production |
|
Definition
| d. Characteristic x-ray production |
|
|
Term
A hertz (Hz) is equal to _____ cycle(s) per second.
Select one:
a. 103
b. 102
c. 10
d. 1 |
|
Definition
|
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Term
The electron ejected during a characteristic interaction is also known as the x-ray photon.
Select one:
True
False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation is a _____.
Select one:
a. photon
b. electron
c. neutrino
d. quark |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation is a _____.
Select one:
a. photon
b. electron
c. neutrino
d. quark |
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Definition
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Term
What is the average energy of the x-ray beam produced according to the graph?
Spectrum
Select one:
a. 27 keV
b. 80 keV
c. 45 keV
d. 65 keV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does ALARA mean?
Select one:
a. All Level Alert Radiation Accident
b. As Low As Reasonably Achievable
c. Always Leave A Restricted Area
d. As Low As Regulations Allow |
|
Definition
| b. As Low As Reasonably Achievable |
|
|
Term
A moving object has _____ energy.
Select one:
a. potential
b. kinetic
c. nuclear
d. electromagnetic |
|
Definition
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|
Term
The collection of all different energies (wavelengths) of x-rays is called the:
Select one:
a. X-ray homogeneous beam
b. X-ray rainbow
c. X-ray emission spectrum
d. Peak electron energy |
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Definition
| c. X-ray emission spectrum |
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|
Term
The composite x-ray emission spectrum is composed of:
1. characteristic x-ray spectrum
2. bremsstrahlung x-ray spectrum
3. heat emission spectrum
Select one:
a. 2 and 3 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1 and 3 only |
|
Definition
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Term
Which of the following statements apply to the x-ray emission spectrum?
Select one:
a. Adding filtration affects the position of the characteristic x-ray emission spectrum
b. The target material affects the amplitude of the bremsstrahlumg emission spectrum
c. The target material affects the minimum wavelength
d. Adding filtration affects minimum wavelength energy |
|
Definition
| b. The target material affects the amplitude of the bremsstrahlumg emission spectrum |
|
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Term
An older x-ray tube that has evaporated tungsten deposited on the tube window may cause one or more of the following problems:
1. Decreased tube output
2. Increase in x-ray penetrating power
3. Arcing of the tube current
Select one:
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 3
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1 and 2 only |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Bremsstrahlung interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with
Select one:
a. the force field of the nucleus.
b. none of the above
c. an inner-shell electron.
d. an outer-shell electron. |
|
Definition
| a. the force field of the nucleus. |
|
|
Term
An induction motor is used in which part of the x-ray circuit?
Select one:
a. Rectifier/solid state diode
b. Rotor
c. Autotransformer
d. Filament |
|
Definition
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|
Term
A fine, tightly coiled thread of tungsten that is mounted in the cathode of the x-ray tube is called the:
Select one:
a. autotransformer
b. filament
c. focusing cup
d. phototimer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What percentage of target interaction results in the production of x-ray photons?
Select one:
a. 100 percent
b. 1 percent
c. 99 percent
d. 50 percent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following functions to increase the mA?
Select one:
a. Increase in focal spot size
b. Increase in heat of the filament
c. Increase in charge of anode
d. Increase in kVp |
|
Definition
| b. Increase in heat of the filament |
|
|
Term
What type of radiation is produce when a high-speed electron is decelerated as it approaches the nucleus of a target atom?
Select one:
a. Characteristic
b. Compton scattering
c. Remnant
d. Bremsstrahlung |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are associated with the anode except
Select one:
a. the focal track.
b. thermionic emission.
c. the line focus principle.
d. the heel effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The rate of rise and fall of a sine wave is called its _____.
Select one:
a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. wavelength
d. velocity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The lowest energy range of the electromagnetic spectrum is _____.
Select one:
a. sound waves
b. radio waves
c. gamma rays
d. microwaves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Projectile electrons are electrons that:
Select one:
a. never require aluminum-equivalent filtration because of their relatively low energy
b. travel from the positive terminal of the x-ray tube to the negative terminal to make up tube current
c. travel from the negative terminal of the x-ray tube to the positive terminal to make up tube current
d. are emitted from the x-ray tube, interact with body atoms, and subsequently result in the formation of the radiographic image |
|
Definition
| c. travel from the negative terminal of the x-ray tube to the positive terminal to make up tube current |
|
|
Term
Characteristic interactions may occur only when the incident electron interacts with
Select one:
a. an inner-shell electron.
b. the force field of the nucleus.
c. an outer-shell electron.
d. none of the above |
|
Definition
| a. an inner-shell electron. |
|
|
Term
A projectile electron interacts violently with an electron in the K-shell of an atom. When the K-shell electron is subsequently ionized, which of the following responses occur:
Select one:
a. An M-shell electron s displacement makes the shell impenetrable by any other projectile electron.
b. A low-energy excitation occurs in the nucleus
c. Outer-shell electrons are raised to an excited level
d. An outer-shell electron fills the vacancy in the K shell |
|
Definition
| d. An outer-shell electron fills the vacancy in the K shell |
|
|
Term
The x-ray emission spectrum is a plot of:
Select one:
a. x-rays and electrons emitted from the target atoms
b. x-rays and electrons emitted from cathode atoms
c. the number of electrons vs. energy
d. the number of x-rays vs. energy |
|
Definition
| d. the number of x-rays vs. energy |
|
|
Term
What does ALARA mean?
Select one:
a. All Level Alert Radiation Accident
b. As Low As Reasonably Achievable
c. Always Leave A Restricted Area
d. As Low As Regulations Allow |
|
Definition
| b. As Low As Reasonably Achievable |
|
|
Term
An increase in kVp will:
Select one:
a. does not affect bremsstrahlung production
b. increase the energy of bremsstrahlung x-rays
c. increase both the efficiency and number of bremsstrahlung x-rays
d. increase the number of bremsstrahlung x-rays |
|
Definition
| c. increase both the efficiency and number of bremsstrahlung x-rays |
|
|
Term
The energy of a characteristic photon is
Select one:
a. equal to the binding energy of the entering electron.
b. the sum of the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped.
c. the difference between the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped.
d. equal to the binding energy of the exiting electron. |
|
Definition
| c. the difference between the binding energy of the outer and inner shells between which the electron dropped. |
|
|
Term
The _____ of electromagnetic radiation is constant.
Select one:
a. amplitude
b. velocity
c. frequency
d. wavelength |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The K-shell can hold a maximum of ____ electrons.
Select one:
a. 1
b. 6
c. 2
d. 8 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The output intensity of an x-ray tube is:
Select one:
a. often measured in curies (Becquerels)
b. primarily due to bremsstrahlung x-rays
c. limited by K-shell binding energies
d. monoenergetic |
|
Definition
| b. primarily due to bremsstrahlung x-rays |
|
|
Term
The efficiency of x-ray production:
Select one:
a. increases with increasing the kVp
b. is dependent on what mA station is selected
c. is dependent on the tube current
d. is such that 99% of the kinetic energy of projectile electrons produces radiation |
|
Definition
| a. increases with increasing the kVp |
|
|
Term
A technique of 100 mA, ½ sec., 75 kVp, 40 SID on three-phase equipment would result in the production of:
Select one:
a. 175 heat units in the anode
b. 3750 heat units in the anode
c. 5063 heat units in the anode
d. 50 heat units in the anode |
|
Definition
| c. 5063 heat units in the anode |
|
|
Term
Filament materials are chosen for their
Select one:
a. high boiling points.
b. high melting points.
c. ability to vaporize easily.
d. low melting points. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Almost all of the kinetic energy of the incident electrons is converted to
Select one:
a. light
b. a bremsstrahlung photon
c. heat
d. a characteristic x-ray photon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A moving object has _____ energy.
Select one:
a. potential
b. kinetic
c. nuclear
d. electromagnetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the velocity of all electromagnetic radiation?
Select one:
a. 8 ´ 10 3 m/s
b. 2 ´ 10 8 m/s
c. 3 ´ 10 8 m/s
d. 4 ´ 10 3 m/s |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As the kinetic energy of the incident electron increases, so does the efficiency of the photon production.
Select one:
True
False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Photons with the highest frequencies have the _____.
Select one:
a. highest velocity
b. lowest energy
c. longest wavelengths
d. shortest wavelengths |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At the end of the characteristic cascade, the ____ shell is missing an electron.
Select one:
a. outermost
b. innermost
c. K
d. characteristic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In general, when changes are made that affect the x-ray emission spectrum:
Select one:
a. and the spectrum shifts to the right, a more penetrating beam is emitted
b. and the spectrum shifts to the right, more filtration was used
c. and the amplitude increases, the radiation quantity will decrease
d. and the spectrum shifts to the left, a higher quality beam is emitted |
|
Definition
| a. and the spectrum shifts to the right, a more penetrating beam is emitted |
|
|
Term
A hertz (Hz) is equal to _____ cycle(s) per second.
Select one:
a. 103
b. 102
c. 10
d. 1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The four properties of photons are _____, _____, _____ and _____.
Select one:
a. size, shape, spin, mass
b. frequency, mass, amplitude, wavelength
c. frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude
d. refraction, velocity, spin, amplitude |
|
Definition
| c. frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements are true regarding the function of kVp? As the kVp is increased:
1. speed of electrons will increase
2. percentage of electrons converting their energy to x-ray photons will increase
3. frequency of the x-ray wavelength will increase
Select one:
a. 1, 2, and 3
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 and 3 only
d. 1 and 2 only |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The lowest energy range of the electromagnetic spectrum is _____.
Select one:
a. sound waves
b. radio waves
c. gamma rays
d. microwaves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The image linked to this page demonstrates:
Interaction
Select one:
a. Brems x-ray production
b. Characteristic x-ray production
c. Photoelectric effect
d. Compton s scatter |
|
Definition
| a. Brems x-ray production |
|
|
Term
An increase in mAs will:
Select one:
a. does not affect bremsstrahlung production
b. increase the energy of bremsstrahlung x-rays
c. increase both the efficiency and number of bremsstrahlung x-rays
d. increase the number of bremsstrahlung x-rays |
|
Definition
| d. increase the number of bremsstrahlung x-rays |
|
|
Term
What is the velocity of all electromagnetic radiation?
Select one:
a. 8 ´ 10 3 m/s
b. 2 ´ 10 8 m/s
c. 3 ´ 10 8 m/s
d. 4 ´ 10 3 m/s |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In a tungsten-targeted x-ray tube operated at 75 kVp, the most abundant x-ray would be:
Select one:
a. a 57 keV characteristic x-ray
b. a 69 keV characteristic x-ray
c. a 10 keV bremssthralung x-ray
d. a 25 keV bremssthralung x-ray |
|
Definition
| d. a 25 keV bremssthralung x-ray |
|
|
Term
The four properties of photons are _____, _____, _____ and _____.
Select one:
a. size, shape, spin, mass
b. frequency, mass, amplitude, wavelength
c. frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude
d. refraction, velocity, spin, amplitude |
|
Definition
| c. frequency, wavelength, velocity, amplitude |
|
|
Term
Ionizing radiation is capable of removing _____ from atoms as it passes through the matter.
Select one:
a. neutrons
b. protons
c. electrons
d. ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The _____ of electromagnetic radiation is constant.
Select one:
a. amplitude
b. velocity
c. frequency
d. wavelength |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A high-speed electron entering the tungsten target is attracted to the positive nucleus of a tungsten atom and, in the process, is decelerated. This results in:
Select one:
a. Bremsstrahlung radiation
b. Compton scatter
c. Photoelectric effect
d. Characteristic radiation |
|
Definition
| a. Bremsstrahlung radiation |
|
|
Term
Characteristic radiation is emitted when:
Select one:
a. an outer-shell electron fills a vacancy within an inner shell
b. a projectile electron ejects and inner-shell electron
c. the projectile electron is attracted to the strong positive charge of the atom s nucleus
d. an inner-shell electron fills a vacancy within an outer shell |
|
Definition
| a. an outer-shell electron fills a vacancy within an inner shell |
|
|
Term
The production of x-rays comes from two interactions with the anode:
Select one:
a. Characteristic and brems
b. Coherent and pair production
c. Classical and photoelectric
d. Photoelectric and Comptons |
|
Definition
| a. Characteristic and brems |
|
|
Term
During a characteristic interaction, the dropping of a higher-energy state electron into a lower-energy state hole results in the emission of
Select one:
a. a low-energy electron.
b. a photon of energy.
c. all of the above
d. a high-energy electron.
e. more than one of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In a bremsstrahlung interaction, the closer the incident electron travels to the nucleus, the lower the energy of the resultant x-ray photon.
Select one:
True
False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A filament may break due to
Select one:
a. increased sensitivity.
b. vaporization.
c. evaporation.
d. deposition. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The collision of projectile electrons with the atoms of the target material causes a conversion of the electrons kinetic energy to:
Select one:
a. X-rays and protons
b. Gamma rays and x-rays
c. Heat and x-rays
d. X-rays and light |
|
Definition
|
|
