Term
| What is a form of electromagnetic radiation traveling through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F X-rays have a longer wavelength than visible light. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can interact with matter, which causes biological alterations (ionization) at the molecular level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause certain materials to fluoresce (give off light) which enables us to record an image? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F X-rays travel at the speed of light. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What component of an x-ray tube is a vacuum that prevents accelerated electrons from colliding with air molecules? |
|
Definition
| Air evacuated glass envelope |
|
|
Term
| What component of an x-ray tube is a wire filament (usually tungsten) that is the source of the electrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What component of an x-ray tube is a tungsten disc that acts as the target fir the electrons that come from the wire filament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What component of an x-ray tube are x-rays created? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 things that are required for x-ray production? |
|
Definition
| Source of electrons, way to accelrate electrons, path free of obtables for electrons to pass through, and a tube for vacuum environment |
|
|
Term
| T/F Tungsten has a high melting point. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the amount of energy produced by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls the acceleration of electrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls the amount of electrons released that is based on heat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the electrons from the cathode hit the target on the anode the energy from the electrons changing directions is released and x-ray and heat is produced. How much is heat and how much are x-rays? |
|
Definition
| 99% heat and and 1% x-rays |
|
|
Term
| T/F Electrons from the cathode have a collision with the target on the anode and heat and x-rays are produced. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of anodes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of anode is used in portable units and dental units? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of anode spins around when the foot pedal is stepped on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does the anode spin in the x-ray prior to taking it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area where the electron beam hits the anode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What influences the detail of the x-ray? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anode is angled toward the cathode, which allows the use of a larger focal spot is what principle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area of the target material being bombarded by electrons from the filament? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the imaginary geometric line that can be drawn based on the actual focal spotsize vs. the angle of the anode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the angling of the anode results in the effective focal spot being smaller than the actual focal spot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F The x-ray is less intense on the anode side and more intense on the cathode side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What side of the x-ray should you place thicker body part under? |
|
Definition
| Cathode side (cuz of heel effect) |
|
|
Term
| What device supplies electric power to thhe x-ray tubr? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Buildings in the US will have 115 or 230-V (60 Hz) of what type of electrical current? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To avoid x-rays from going back to the cathode, what is needed to convert alternating current into direct curent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What device allows current to fly in only one direction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of rectifier is the negative part of the sine wave is chopped off? |
|
Definition
| Half wave rectified generator (single phase) |
|
|
Term
| What type of rectifier is the negative part of the sine wave inverted? |
|
Definition
| Full wave rectified generator (single wave) |
|
|
Term
| What type of rectifier takes 3 seperate lines of current that are out of phase? |
|
Definition
| Three phase, full wave recitified generator |
|
|
Term
| What type of generator can produce a near constant beam of x-rays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What adjusts the incoming line voltage to keep it at a level needed to produce a constant beam of x-rays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Minor hits to the x-ray tube are ok. |
|
Definition
| False, the x-ray tube is fragile |
|
|
Term
| T/F It is ok to leave the x-ray machine on continously. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why shouldn't you hold the rotor button down any longer than you have to? |
|
Definition
| The filament is heating during this time and it will shorten the lifespan of it |
|
|
Term
| Rapid high kvp and mA films can cause what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is mainly used to decrease the size of the x-ray field? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do most systems use to align the light field? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can't you focus x-rays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shape beam by cutting off edges of the beam |
|
|
Term
| The 9 penny test is a good way to test the function of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grids are used for what reason? |
|
Definition
| To reduce scatter from hitting the film only |
|
|
Term
| Grids should always be used is the body part is thicker than what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are made of hundreds of alternating thin lead strips with aluminum or fiber interspacers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Grids absorb x-rays that hit their lead strips. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A grid, with lead strips are angled to be in alignment with the primary x-ray beam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 x (cm) + 40 +10 (grid factor) |
|
|
Term
| T/F The more lead lines per inch,on a grid, the better. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the height of the lead strips divided by the distance between the strips? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Most grids are composed of parallel lines. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are subtle images of alternating lead strips and spacers in the radiograph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are rigid, light tight containers that hold x-ray film and screens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are screens permantely mounted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Many cassettes have a rectangular lead block on the screen that allows for imprint identification. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 main purposes of a cassette? |
|
Definition
| They keep light from hitting the film and they press the intensifying screens tightly against the film |
|
|
Term
| T/F The sensitivity of x-ray film to x-rays is poor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are used to increase the efficiency of film exposure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What convert x-ray radiation into visible light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal color of light emitted from intensifying screens to the help expose the film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are composed of phosphor crystals that emit light when they are stimulated by x-rays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Slow screens need less x-rays to make a proper film. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F intensifying screens can increase contrast. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 negatives of intensifying screens? |
|
Definition
| They decrease image detail and the faster the screen, the worse the detail |
|
|
Term
| What 4 things do the speed of the screen depend on? |
|
Definition
| Type of phosphor, phosphor layer thickness, phosphor crystal size, and phosphor crystal shape |
|
|
Term
| T/F The larger the phosphor crystals in the screens the better detail. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most common type of screen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of phosphor do old screen utilize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A high-speed 5 year year old screen has roughly the same efficiency as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many colors of visible light is x-ray films sensitive to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F You need to match film color sensitivity and the light emitted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Rare earth screens emit green light and older screen emit blue violet light. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is radiation high enough to cause ionization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F X-rays require shielding to reduce their intensity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 causes of exposure to x-rays? |
|
Definition
| Exposure to the primary beam, exposure from scatter, and leakage radiation from x-ray tube housing |
|
|
Term
| T/F It is illegal to have hands in x-rays. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is known as secondary radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Careful collimation and correct kvp can help reduce what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to avoid radiation exposure? |
|
Definition
| Maintaining a safe distance |
|
|
Term
| What deals with the characterization and quantification of ionizing radiation's effects on living things? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the amount of irradiation that does not involve a risk to the health of radiation workers so great that it significantly influences future generations or the individuals exposed? |
|
Definition
| Maximum Permissible Dose (MPD) |
|
|
Term
| No one under 18 can be around radiation. What is the maximum dose allowed on adults a year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ALARA in regards to radiology? |
|
Definition
| As low as reasonably achievable |
|
|
Term
| What are made of lead impregnanted rubber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be worn on personnel at all times in the radiographic suite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of badge is a piece of film inside that's developed? |
|
Definition
| Film badge (Amt. of radiation proportional to degree of blackness) |
|
|
Term
| What type of badge is checked after each procedure? |
|
Definition
| Pocket ionization chamber (most complex) |
|
|
Term
| What type of badge do crystals absorb radiation when heated and emit light, more light = more radiation? |
|
Definition
| Thermoluminescent dosimeter |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of radiation damage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What describes damage to the body that can happen immediately or can manifest in the body of the recipient for a lifetime? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cancer, cataracts, aplastic anemia, and sterility are examples of what type of radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of damage results from imjury to the genes (of reproductive cells)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of radiation damage do not show up until the damaged individual reproduces and the mutated genes create a child? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who must establish and maintain a radiation safety program for the protection of patients, clients, and staff? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 4 things should you always wear when taking an x-ray? |
|
Definition
| Lead apron, gloves, thyroid shield, and badge |
|
|
Term
| How often should you quality control and calibrate your x-ray machine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is produced when electrons moving at great speed collide with matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are white areas on an x-ray? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are black areas on an x-ray? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 radiographic opacities? |
|
Definition
| Gas, fat, fluid, mineral, and metal |
|
|
Term
| What type of film does long latitude film produce? |
|
Definition
| Decreased contrasts with many shades of gray |
|
|
Term
| What type of film does a short latitude film produce? |
|
Definition
| More contrast, with few shades of gray |
|
|
Term
| What can excessive development time and temperature cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will increased kvp do to contrast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High mAs and low kVps produce what type of image? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F High contrast images are known as short scale. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of image has many shades of gray? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What image has a long scale of contrast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low mAs and high kVps create what kind of image? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the overal darkening of the image? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is viewing the overall, general image darkness or lightness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is controlled by the amount of electrons sent to the target anode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What describes the amount of current applied to the cathode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the quantity of x-rays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F The more x-rays you have, the blacker your film will be. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only thing mA affects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines the quality of the x-ray beam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Smaller focal spot = ? detail |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things can affect detail? |
|
Definition
| Focal spot size and distance of object relative to film |
|
|
Term
| What will happen if the patient and film aren't parallel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will happen if a body part is off of the film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is kVp= (2x tissue thickness) + FFD + grid calculation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do 90% of all processing errors occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are technique chart specific to? |
|
Definition
| The film/screen combo that you're using |
|
|
Term
| What's an ideal film in veterinary medicine? |
|
Definition
| High mAs and low kVps (allows us to increase contrast) |
|
|
Term
| What are good mAs for a tabletop extremity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are typical mAs for a thorax view? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are typical mAs for a abdominal view? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are typical mAs for a spine view? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you use Sante's Rule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of grid to most clinics have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you do with the kVp if yhe image is too dark? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you do to kVp if the film is too light? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has a polyeater base that provides support? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has a thin layer of stuff (film emulsion) on each side of the polyester base? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the main main ingredients in film emulsion? |
|
Definition
| Silver halide crystals and gelatin |
|
|
Term
| What is the light sensitive part of the film emulsion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On radiographic film, what keeps the silver halide crystals evenly dispersed aand prevents grains from clumping? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 effects that altering the emulsion can have on film? |
|
Definition
| Film latitude, film contrast, film speed, film detail, and light color (spectral) sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| What is any oppacity that doesn't correspond to an actual anatomic structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 6 film storage and handling artifacts? |
|
Definition
| Pressue/crescents, scratches, fingerprints, static, material in cassette, and fog |
|
|
Term
| What refers to the amount of error you can make when exposing a film and still get a good image? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are high latitude films? |
|
Definition
| Low contrast (many shades of gray) |
|
|
Term
| T/F The film you choose affects the contrast in your final image. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F High detail is always faster. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F If your screen emits blue light, you must use film that is sensitive to blue light. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is unexposedsilver halide crystals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is metallic silver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F When the emulsion is exposed to light from the intensifying screen, portions of the silver halide are converted to metallic silver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F We can't see the latent image on the screen until it's developed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F When it's developed, the silver halide crystal containing the sensitivity spcek is converted to metallic silver. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to unexposed silver halide grains during processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the pattern of metallic silver crystals that remain on the film create? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F The process of film development is exactly the same in manual and automatic processing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What consists of reducing agents that convert silver halide crystals into metallic silver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stops the development of film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is an overexposed film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color is an underexposed x-ray? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What washes away unexposed and undeveloped silver halide crystals and clears the emulsion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What provides us with the white parts of the radiograph? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What step is water used to wash off the fixer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if the solutions are too hot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if the solutions are too cold? |
|
Definition
| They will be underexposed |
|
|
Term
| T/F Increasing temperaure decreases the amount of time it takes to develop the film |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary cause of poor quality radiographs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Radiographs are legal documents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat 5 things must be written on the radiograph? |
|
Definition
| Patient's name, owner's name, date, clinic's name, and anatomic markers |
|
|
Term
| T/F The client owns the radiographs. |
|
Definition
| False, the practice owns them |
|
|
Term
| T/F You are not required to give a client radiographs if they request them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the top 5 ways to properly care for your film? |
|
Definition
| Store boxes of film on end to reduce pressure on film, store in room that is cool with low humidity, keep in unexposed place, don'tbuy large quantities, and be gentle when placing it in and out of the cassette |
|
|
Term
| How long does manual processing take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hoe long doees automatic processing take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F You should use fingernails when dealing with the film. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where should you only touch the film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What order should you do the clips on the tension clip hanger in manual processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of hanger do you hold with one hand and slide film into the channel with the other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In manual processing, when should you agitate the film to remove air bubbles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F You must sinse off developer before puttingg it in the fixer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long should you fix a film? |
|
Definition
| Twice the time it was developed |
|
|
Term
| T/F You can view film after 1 minute of fixing it. (THen put back for 10 minutes) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long must you wash a film after manually processing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What produces a dry film in a short period of time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What processor removes carryover from compression of rollers and the chemicals are in peak condition becaause they are replenished on a regular basis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Heavy metals can be disposed of in the septic system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What replaces silver in fixer with another metal like iron (steel wool) and up to 99% of silver is recovered, but purity is low? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 electrodes pass electric current, the silver is attracted to the cathode, the fixer solution can be reused, and it creates high purity of silver, but is less effecient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of silver recovery do you add more chemicals to precipitate silver from fixer. the silver forms a sludge, then it is filtered,, dried, and packed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color do finger crescents appear on radiographs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are pressure crescents formed? |
|
Definition
| Pinching activates crystals |
|
|
Term
| What color are scratches on radiographs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color are scratches if the emulsion has been removed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color are the scratches if pressure from an abrasion activates crystals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color are fingerprints on radiographs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes white fingerprints on radiographs? |
|
Definition
| Oil from fingers blocks developer |
|
|
Term
| What can cause black fingerprints? |
|
Definition
| Developer or fixer on hands |
|
|
Term
| What causes a black tree pattern or smudge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is static most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is 4 ways to prevent static? |
|
Definition
| Remove film from box slowly, don't drag film on surfaces, moderate huumidity, and anti-static cassette cleaners |
|
|
Term
| What artifact is white & focal, visible light can't reach and expose film, and is often caused by hair and dust? |
|
Definition
| Material in cassette or dirty screen |
|
|
Term
| What is any unwanted film exposure that turns part of the film black? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 7 causes of film fog? |
|
Definition
| Film bin ajar, film box lid loose or damaged, cassette not closed properly or damaged, high temperature, old chemicals, humidity, and safelight filter crack |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 positioning artifacts? |
|
Definition
| Magnification, distortion, grid cutoff, patient rotation, amd cassette upside-down |
|
|
Term
| What happens when a patient is farther away from the film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when a patient is not parallel to the film? |
|
Definition
| Distortion (part of them is magnified) |
|
|
Term
| What's the purpose of the grid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grid shifted left/right, grid too far or too close to the tube, and grid upside-down are causes of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What errer does the film appear underexposed and you can see hinges/latches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 exposure artifacts? |
|
Definition
| Motion, double exposure, overexposure, and underexposure |
|
|
Term
| What x-ray error causes a blurry image? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What x-ray error appears as a blurred image, has 2 identical image superimposed, the exposure button was pushed twice, and/or they forgot to change the cassette between exposures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artifact is caused by water, blood, contrast media, urine, and appears as gray streaks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What x-ray error appears as a dark line and a mirror image on either side of the crease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collimation errors, lead shields, central x-ray beams not perpendicular to cassette, and cassette npt directly under beam (bucky tray npot puushed in)? |
|
Definition
| Portion of film unexposed |
|
|
Term
| What type of artifact is caused by buckshot, is a common incidental finding, and is apparent on 2 views examined? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What provides way to minimize dose of radiation? |
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Definition
| Quality Assurance and Quality Control |
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Term
| Preventative maintenance, quality control, equipment calibration, in-service education, and evaluation of new products are all parts of what? |
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Definition
| Quality Assurance and Quality Control |
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Term
| Who is a major part of the QC program? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the measure of the focal spot on tube housing to tabletop and measure from tabletop to top of cassette in the bucky tray? |
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Definition
| Film focal distance (FFD) |
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Term
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Definition
| Needs to be cleanm, check for light leaks, check safe light for distance and bulb wattage and proper filter, and if doing manual processing, you do temperature checks |
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Term
| Where do you measure for a lateral/VD thorax? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where should you have the center beam for the lateral/VD thorax view? |
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Definition
| Caudal border of scapula and heart |
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Term
| What is the cranial/caudal border for a lateral/VD thorax? |
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Definition
| Point of shoulder joint (thoracic inlet)to 1st lumbar vertebrae |
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Term
| When can you use a v-tray? VD thorax or abdomen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do you measure for a lateral/VD abdomen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cranial/caudal border for a lateral/VD abdomen? |
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Definition
| Feel for sternum and go 2-3 inches cranial to coxofemoral joints |
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Term
| Where should you measure for a thoracic spine view? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is very important for thoracic/lumbar spine views? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cranial/caudal border for thoracic spine films? |
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Definition
| C7 (shoulder joint) to L1 (last rib) |
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Term
| What position do you take thoracic/lumbar spine films? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cranial/caudal border for lumbar spine films? |
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Definition
| Just above last rib to stifle area of femur |
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Term
| Where do you measure for a lumbar spine film? |
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Definition
| L1 (last few inches of ribs) |
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Term
| Where should you measure for a stifle view? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the cranial and caudal borders for stifle views? |
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Definition
| Joints above and below stifle (hip to ankle) |
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Term
| What position should stifle views be taken in? |
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Definition
| Lateral (leave limb in natural position, but somewhat flexed) |
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Term
| How should you rotate the tarsus for stifle films? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How should you rotate the stifle for stifle films? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does DP stand for in regards to metacarpus films? |
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Definition
| Beam goes from dorsal to palmar aspect of metacarpals |
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Term
| What position should the dog be in for a metacarpus film? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where should you measure for a metacarpus film? |
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Definition
| Across the metacarpal region |
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Term
| What are the borders for a metacarpus film? |
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Definition
| An inch above/below phalanges/carpus |
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Term
| What view can you use string positioning aids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What view is the animal sedated, foam wedge under mandible, and the medial canthus perpendicular to the film cassette? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F When positioning a sedated dog for a VD pelvis, you should rotate the stifles internally. |
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Definition
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Term
| How often should QC be done on the gowns & gloves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the term when the x-ray enters the patient at an angle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rope, roll gauze, tape, and plastic tubing can be used as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cassettes must have a lead blocker if this labeler is used. |
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Definition
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Term
| DLPM, DMPL, PMDL, & PLDM are labels for what film type? |
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Definition
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Term
| How should you position a dog for a ventrodorsal view of the skull? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A rostrocaudal closed mouth view is aka? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what frontal sinus view do you place animal in dorsal recumbency with nose pointing upward (perp. to cassette)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What skull view should be done to look at the nasal cavities? |
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Definition
| Ventrodorsal open-mouth view |
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Term
| What skull view should you do to look at the tympanic bullae? |
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Definition
| Rostralcaudal open-mouth view |
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Term
| What are the cranial/caudal borders for a cervical spine view? |
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Definition
| Base of skull to spine of scapula |
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Term
| Which of these 6 spine view should you always think dachshunds?: Cervical, thoracic, thoraco-lumbar, lumbar, lumbosacral, & caudal. |
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Definition
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Term
| What 4 places do dogs commonly get osteosarcomas? |
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Definition
| Proximal humerus, distal radium, proximal tibia, and distal femur |
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Term
| What is the tip of the tooth root called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the outer covering of the tooth root made of? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 types of teeth only have 1 root? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| When should baby teeth be fully erupted by? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When should all adult teeth be erupted? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Each tooth has a code of 3 numbers, what does the 1st number represent? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| T/F You should use the second 2 numbers of dentition code by starting with 01 at midline and continue caudally? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can oly be used on the mandibular premolars and molars? |
|
Definition
| Parallel technique for film |
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Term
| In a dental x-ray, what occurs when the x-ray beam is focused on the film too much? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the most common technique for dental radiology? |
|
Definition
| Bisecting angle technique |
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Term
| In dental x-rays, what occurs when the x-ray beam is directed toward the tooth angle too much? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pain-free procedure, no anesthetic needed, no side effects, can look at organs and motion, and measuring the size of heart chambers are benefits of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to ultrasonic sound waves travel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the number of cycles or waves completed in a second & is measured in Hertz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the distance to complete one wave cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F The highter the frequency, the shorter the wavelength. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the time required for a wavelength the pass a given point? |
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Definition
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Term
| High/Low frequency: Create high resolution images, but is unable to penetrate deep tissues. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What % of the time is ultrasound transducers emitting pulses? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What's it called when a beam passes through a structure with low acoustic impedence?? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What explains how ultrasound is generated? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the gradual weakening of the ultrasound beam as it passes through tissues? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In ultrasound, what occurs because of inadequate penetration by sound waves? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What would cause more reflection on ultrasound, Bone/gas or Liver/fat? |
|
Definition
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Term
| In ultrasound, what occurs when the beam hits gas or air and makes weakening parallel lines on screen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brighter/darker ultrasound image |
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|
Term
| In ultrasound, what's display mode A used for? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What's the most common display mode used in uiltrasound? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What ultrasound mode is used for the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Low frequency can see deeper into abdomen on ultrasound, thus requiring less hertz. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What's used to treat hyperthyroidism in felines but is expensive? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What radionuclides is used in horses? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Positive/negative contrast media: Barium |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Positive/negative contrast media: CO2 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Iodinated preps, barium,and gases are aka? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the minimum distance from radiation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color light is present if it's a blue/green sensitive film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is full-wave rectification? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls spped of electrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F Small filament produces better detail. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the light max intensity for the darkroom? |
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Definition
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