Term
| what is the normal cardiothoracic ratio? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 4 frequent causes of decreased cardiac size? |
|
Definition
-emphysema/hyperinflation
-cachexia (abnormally thin)
-elongated thorax (marfan's)
-severe dehydration with decreased blood vol |
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|
Term
| what are 4 things that cause fake outs of enlarged hearts |
|
Definition
-AP technique
-low long vols, things that prevent full inspiration (obesity, pregnancy, ascites)
-pericardial effusion
-pectus excavatum |
|
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Term
| what water bottle shape is usually diagnostic of what condition? how is diagnosis made of this condition? what sign is seen on lateral film |
|
Definition
pericardial effusion
US and MRI
oreo cookie |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the different parts of the oreo cookie sign |
|
Definition
| cookies are anterior and posterior epicardial fat that surrounds the effusion |
|
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Term
| a giant left atrium in which two conditions can look like a water bottle sign |
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Definition
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Term
| when cardiac muscle hypertrophies it results in _________ rather than ________ growth. why is this not seen on radiograph? |
|
Definition
concentric
eccentric
(grows into the lumen rather than outward)
blood is the same radiographic density has muscle/soft tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the leading cause of hospitalizations in adults over 65 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what marker on echocardiogram is usually low in CHF? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| an enlarged LA can be distinguished by what three findings? |
|
Definition
-double density sign
-elevation of the L bronchus
-widening of the carina angle- "splaying of the carina" |
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|
Term
signs of pulm edema:
-central vascular ________
-kerly _____ and ______
-___________ cuffing
-__________ edema
-_______________ |
|
Definition
congestion
opacity
A
B
peribronchial
airspace
effusions |
|
|
Term
| Kerley A lines appear (before/after) kerley B's in CHF. do they reach the visceral pleura? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| after kerley a and B lines, what is the next stage in CHF? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what are two causes of non cardiogenic edema? |
|
Definition
ARDS
exposures (meds, chemicals, smoke) |
|
|
Term
| what are two things NOT seen on a film of non cardiogenic pulm edema that is seen on cardiogenic pulm edema? |
|
Definition
no heart enlargement
no effusions |
|
|
Term
| how could one distinguish a non cardiogenic pulm edema from a PNA? |
|
Definition
| both airspace, but edema is more perihilar |
|
|
Term
| what is a cause of unilateral pleural edema that occurs after long period of lung collapse? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| which type of aneurysm is more common: fusiform (diffuse) or saccular (focal out pouching)? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ascending aorta should be less than _____ cm and descending aorta should be less than ______ cm |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what are the classifications of aortic dissections? |
|
Definition
a=ascending (surg)
b=descending (BBs) |
|
|
Term
| what is the best radiographic study for a dissection? |
|
Definition
CT with contrast
on CXR only finding is wide mediastinum |
|
|
Term
| what is the correct placement of an ET tube? |
|
Definition
1/2 way between the clavicles and carina
3-5 cm above carina |
|
|
Term
| what is the correct placement of a tracheostomy tube? |
|
Definition
placed at level of cricothyroid membrane (below cords) and extends about to T3 vertebral body
not affected by head movement |
|
|
Term
| what is the correct placement of a CVL? |
|
Definition
R atrium is TOO low
HIGH in the SVC is too easily displaced into subclavian or something else |
|
|
Term
| what is a swanz ganz catheter used for? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| how far from the GE junction should an enteric tube be placed? |
|
Definition
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