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radiography spring final
rad spring final
129
Dentistry
Undergraduate 1
05/03/2014

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Term
which mechanism of radiation injury may occur when x-ray energy is absorbed by patient tissues?
Definition
Ionization, free radical formation
Term
what is true regarding the direct theory of radiation injury?
Definition
it involves a direct hit and absorption of an x-ray photon within a cell
Term
indirect theory proposes that
Definition
free radicals combine to form toxins
Term
a non-threshold dose-response curve suggests that:
Definition
no matter how small the amount of radiation, some biologic damage occurs
Term
stochastic biologic effects from radiation:
Definition
occur as a direct function of dose
Term
examples of non-stochastic effects include:
Definition
Erythema, loss of hair
Term
in regards to the latent period it is safe to say the (?) radiation received and the (?) the dose rate, the shorter the latent period.
Definition
more; faster
Term
more radiation damage takes place with high dose rates, because a rapid delivery of radiation does not allow time for cellular damage to be repaired.
Definition
both statements are true
Term
which types of cells are more sensitive to radiation?
Definition
rapidly dividing, young
Term
what is an example of types of cells that are radiosensitive?
Definition
blood
Term
what are examples of radioresistant tissues?
Definition
salivary glands
Term
critical organs exposed during dental radiographic procedures in the head and neck region include:
Definition
skin, thyroid gland, lens of eye, bone marrow
Term
the traditional unit of DOSE is called:
Definition
the radiation absorbed dose (rad)
Term
one gray is equivalent to (?) rad(s)
Definition
100
Term
the SI equivalent of the rem is:
Definition
the sievert
Term
naturally occurring background radiation includes:
Definition
cosmic radiation, terrestrial radiation
Term
the use of F-speed film instead of D-speed film reduces the absorbed dose by (?)
Definition
60%
Term
the Standard Internation of EXPOSURE is called:
Definition
Coulomb per kilogram (C/kg)
Term
the traditional unit of DOSE EQUIVALENT is called:
Definition
the roentgen equivalent in man (rem)
Term
the end goal of the dental radiographer should be:
Definition
take quality radiographs
Term
extraoral films differ from intraoral films in that the extraoral film:
Definition
the film is outside the patient's mouth or head
Term
intraoral films include all except:
Definition
cephalometric
Term
what reduces operator exposure to radiation?
Definition
distance
Term
what does not reduce patient exposure to radiation?
Definition
positioning
Term
what is used to restrict the size of the x-ray beam?
Definition
collimation
Term
the most effective way to monitor the accumulated radiation exposure to yourself in a dental office is to:
Definition
wear a film badge at all times while working
Term
what term describes the dose of radiation that the body can endure with little or no chance of injury?
Definition
Maximum permissible dose
Term
what types of position-indicating devices (PIDs) do NOT produce scatter radiation?
Definition
Rectangular, round
Term
image magnification may be minimized by:
Definition
placing the film as close to the tooth as possible
Term
distortion is caused when:
Definition
the object and film are not parallel
Term
assuming the film and object distance remains the same, as the target (x-ray tube head) is moved closer the object, the image on the radiograph:
Definition
gets larger
Term
the purpose of film holding devices is to:
Definition
help stabilize the film
Term
in dental radiography, elongation and foreshortening can be minimized by:
Definition
directing the central beam at a right angle to the imaginary bisector
Term
incorrect horizontal angulation causes:
Definition
overlapped images because the lingual aspect of one tooth is superimposed on the facial aspect of the adjacent tooth
Term
using the paralleling technique, the central ray forms a right angle with which structures?
Definition
both the film and the long axis of the tooth
Term
which of the following describes the proper direction of the central ray in the bisecting the angle technique?
Definition
90 degrees to the imaginary bisector
Term
which of the following describes the distance between the film and the tooth in the bisecting the angle technique?
Definition
the film is placed as close as possible to the tooth
Term
a good general rule to remember when sorting posterior periapical:
Definition
mandibular teeth have two roots
Term
when mounting bitewing radiographs, the "Curve of Spee" is depicted by:
Definition
a "smile" from the patient's right to left
Term
the Unit Dose for a singe "f" speed film is 1.5 mSv. What is the unit dose for in traditional units?
Definition
150 mrem
Term
the Unit Dose for a single "f" speed film is 1.5 mSv. What is the unit dose for an FMX of 19 films?
Definition
28.5 mSv
Term
the unit dose for a single film of "f" speed 250 mrem. Now what is it in Standard International Units?
Definition
2.5 mSv
Term
using the single dose value of 2.5mSv, what is the Unit dose for an FMX of 19 films?
Definition
47.5 mSv
Term
what term best describes a fuzzy shadow around the outline of the radiographic image?
Definition
penumbra
Term
distortion results when:
Definition
object and film are not parallel
Term
A radiographer stands 6ft away from the head to the patient while exposing a dental film. Her personell monitoring device measures the radiation dose at that position to be 0.04 mSv. The radiographer moves to 12ft away from the head of the patient. What would the new dose be at this distance?
Definition
0.01 mSv (divide by 4!)
Term
you have just finished taking a modified FMX of 15 films instead of 18 films. The unit dose measurement is 35.1 mSv for 18 films. what is the unit dose for a single film?
Definition
1.95 mSv
Term
convert 1.95 mSv to traditional units for a 15 film series
Definition
2925 mrem
Term
during x-ray exposure, the lead apron with a thyroid collar should be placed on:
Definition
all patients for intraoral films
Term
in dental radiography, the QUALITY of the x-ray beam is controlled by:
Definition
kVp
Term
in dental radiography, the QUANTITY of radiation produced is controlled by:
Definition
mA
Term
the overall blackness or darkness of a film is termed:
Definition
density
Term
if kilovoltage is decreased with no other variations in exposure factors, the resultant film will:
Definition
appear lighter
Term
increasing miliamperage results in an increase in
Definition
temperature of the filament and number of x-rays produced
Term
a diagnostic film is produced using 90 kVp and 0.25 seconds. what exposure time is needed to produce the same film at 75 kVp
Definition
0.50 seconds
Term
the term that describes how dark and light areas are differentiated on a film:
Definition
contrast
Term
the half-value layer is:
Definition
the amount of aluminum needed to reduce x-ray beam intensity by half
Term
a radiograph that has many light and dark areas with few shades of gray is said to have:
Definition
high contrast
Term
the length of the PID is changed from 16 inches to 8 inches. The resultant intensity of the beam will be:
Definition
four times as intense
Term
A hypersensitivegag reflex that results from a physical reaction to a feeling of the airway being blocked is called a psychogenic stimulus.
Definition
The first statement is false. The second statement is true.
Term
Dental radiographers who demonstrate confidence can lead to improved patient cooperation. A patient who is told that gagging is “all in their mind”will experience fewer gagging problems.
Definition
The first statement is true. The second statement is false.
Term
Each of the following suggestions help the radiographer avoid exciting a hypersensitive gag reflex EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
a.Ask the patient to breathe through the nose.
b.Ask the patient to rinse the mouth with ice water prior to placement of the image receptor.
c.Ask the patient if they have ever gagged during x-ray exposures.
d.Ask the patient to press their head against the head-rest during the procedure.
Definition
Ask the patient if they have ever gagged during x-ray exposures.
Term
Placement of the image receptor in which of these fol-lowing regions is most likely to initiate a gag reflex?
Definition
Maxillary molar
Term
The patient is less likely to gag
Definition
while performing a breathing exercise during image receptor placement.
Term
Older adults who present with soft tissue degeneration that makes placement of the image receptor uncomfort- able may benefit from each of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a.Increasing the exposure time b.Using a smaller-sized image receptor
c.Using a lighter-weight image receptor holder
d.Applying an edge protector to the image receptor
Definition
Increasing the exposure time
Term
Tocompensate for slight movement that results from Parkinson’s disease tremors, the radiographer can adjust the exposure settings to
Definition
increase the mA and decrease the impulses.
Term
When performing radiographic services for the patient with a disability, the radiographer should
Definition
offer to assist the patient in the manner that they want.
Term
Unnecessary radiographs may be taken on the cancer patient,butonly electiveradiographs may be taken on the pregnant female.
Definition
Both parts of the statement are false.
Term
It is ethical practice to take unnecessary radiographs on
Definition
no one.
Term
The dental radiographer should consider each of the fol-lowing to develop sensitivity for the culturally diverse patient EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a.Lowered mental capacities b.Personal space zone c.Communication style
d.Culturally different meanings to hand gestures
Definition
Lowered mental capacities
Term
Under which of these conditions would dental radi- ographs most likely NOT need to be exposed? a.When the child presents with poor self-care and sus-pected caries. b.When the child is under 12 years of age. c.When the proximal surfaces of the teeth are visible clinically. d.When the child has accidentally fallen, but there is no apparent damage to the primary teeth.
Definition
When the proximal surfaces of the teeth are visible clinically
Term
According to the evidence-based selection criteria guidelines listed in Table 6-1, which of these intervals is recommended for posterior bitewing radiographs on a 10-year-old child recall patient who presents with good self-care and no evidence of clinical caries?
Definition
12–24 months
Term
Each of the following need to be considered when decid- ing what size image receptor to use on a child EXCEPTone. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
a.Cooperation level
b.Size of the dental arches
c.Size of the mouth opening
d.Amount of plaque present
Definition
Amount of plaque present
Term
Which image receptor size would be the easiest to position for a bitewing radiograph on a 5-year-old patient?
Definition
#0
Term
Which of the following is the best reason to use the largest size intraoral image receptor that the child will tolerate?
a.So that a lesser number of image receptors will have to be exposed
b.To be able to use the paralleling technique
c.So that the radiation exposure can be reduced
d.To image an increased amount of the tissues
Definition
To image an increased amount of the tissues
Term
Which of the following is the suggested number and size of projections to use for a 3-year-old patient with primary dentition?
a.Two bitewing and two occlusal radiographs
b.Two bitewing and two periapical radiographs
c.Two bitewing and four periapical radiographs
d.Four bitewing and 10 periapical radiographs
Definition
Two bitewing and two occlusal radiographs
Term
Which of the following is the suggested number and size of projections to use for a 10-year-old patient with transitional (mixed primary and permanent) dentition?
a.Two bitewing and eight periapical radiographs
b.Two bitewing and 10 periapical radiographs
c.Four bitewing and 10 periapical radiographs
d.Four bitewing and 14 periapical radiographs
Definition
Two bitewing and 10 periapical radiographs
Term
Which of the following is the suggested number and size of projections to use for a 15-year-old patient with permanent dentition?
a.Two bitewings and six periapical radiographs
b.Four bitewing and eight periapical radiographs
c.Four bitewing and 10 periapical radiographs
d.Four bitewing and 14 periapical radiographs
Definition
Four bitewing and 14 periapical radiographs
Term
When a child patient cannot tolerate intraoral placementof the image receptor for exposure of a periapical radi- ograph, which of the following may sometimes be an acceptable substitute?
a.Bitewing
b.Panoramic
c.Lateral jaw
d.Both b and c
Definition
Both b and c
Term
If well tolerated, which of the following techniques will provide the best-quality images on the child patient?
a.Panoramic
b.Occlusal
c.Paralleling
d.Bisecting
Definition
Paralleling
Term
What slight change in angulation is usually required when using the bisecting technique on a child patient?
Definition
Increase the vertical angulation
Term
Which of the following image receptors is recommended for an occlusal radiograph on an 8-year-old patient?
a.#0
b.#2
c.#3
d.#4
Definition
#2
Term
The exposure settings for children under the age of 10 years should be
Definition
reduced by one-half the exposure used for adults.
Term
The exposure settings for children between the ages of 10 and 15 years should be
Definition
reduced by one-third the exposure used for adults.
Term
The exposure settings for children over the age of 16 years should be
Definition
the same exposure as used for adults.
Term
Allowing the child patient to observe a sibling or par- ent undergoing the radiographic procedure may help to alleviate fear of the unknown and promote cooperation. This patient management strategy is called modeling.
Definition
Both statements are true.
Term
When taking a series of periapical radiographs on an11-year-old patient, placing and exposing which of the following first will most likely aid in gaining the patient’s confidence and cooperation?
a.Mandibular molar
b.Mandibular canine
c.Maxillary molar
d.Maxillary central-lateral incisors
Definition
Maxillary central-lateral incisors
Term
For which of these purposes are extraoral radiographs least suitable?
a.Detection of interproximal caries
b.Locating impacted teeth
c.Viewing the sinuses
d.Determining the extent of a fracture
Definition
detection of interproximal caries
Term
Which of these radiographs is most frequently pre-scribed by the orthodontist?
a.Transcranial
b.Lateral cephalometric
c.Waters
d.Reverse Towne
Definition
lateral cephalometric
Term
The general practitioner is most likely to use which of these extraoral radiographs?
a.Posteroanterior cephalometric
b.Reverse Towne
c.Panoramic
d.Submentovertex
Definition
panoramic
Term
Which of these radiographs would best image the max- illary sinus?
a.Transcranial
b.Waters
c.Periapical
d.Posteroanterior cephalometric
Definition
waters
Term
What size film is generally used to produce a cephalometric radiograph?
Definition
8 x 10 in (20 x 25 cm)
Term
Black artifacts on extraoral radiographs may result from each of the following EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
a.Static electricity
b.Glove powder residue
c.Rapidly removing films from the packaging
d.Scratched intensifying screens
Definition
scratched intensifying screens
Term
Intensifying screens will
a.increase x-ray intensity.
b.increase image detail.
c.reduce exposure time.
d.decrease processing time.
Definition
reduce exposure time
Term
What term describes the crystals used in the emulsion of intensifying screens?
Definition
phosphors
Term
Fast intensifying screens have______________sized crystals and ______________thickness of emulsion.
Definition
large; increased
Term
Rare-earth intensifying screens require less radiation to produce a quality image. Rare-earth intensifying screens emit blue light when energized by x-radiation.
Definition
The first statement is correct. The second statement is incorrect.
Term
Which of these is NOT a way to identify extraoral radiographs?
a.Embossed identification dot
b.Commercial identification printer
c.Lead letters “R” and “L”
d.Lead plates affixed to the cassette
Definition
embossed identification dot
Term
Unsharp (blurry) images result from which of the following?
a.Film and screens not in close contact
b.Faulty (not tight) hinge on rigid cassette
c.Not closing the cassette tightly
d.All of the above
Definition
all of the above
Term
Which of the following is used to help reduce film fog during exposure of extraoral radiographs?
a.Voxel
b.Cephalostat
c.Grid
d.Phosphors
Definition
grid
Term
Which of the following is true regarding tomography when compared to extraoral radiography?
a.Requires less radiation to produce an image of themaxillofacial region.
b.Utilizes a moving x-ray source and moving image receptor.
c.Superimposes structures in the path of the x-ray beam on the image.
d.Less likely to exhibit film fog.
Definition
Utilizes a moving x-ray source and moving image receptor.
Term
Cone beam computed tomography plays a valuable role in which of the following?
a.Assessing growth and development of the orthodontic patient.
b.Imaging the height and contour of edentulous ridges.
c.Treatment planning for dental implants
d.All of the above.
Definition
all of the above
Term
Who discovered the x-ray?
a.C. Edmund Kells
b.William Rollins
c.Franklin McCormack
d.Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
Definition
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
Term
When were x-rays discovered?
a.1695
b.1795
c.1895
d.1995
Definition
1895
Term
Who is believed to haveexposed the prototype of the first dental x-ray film?
a.A. Cieszynski
b.Otto Walkhoff
c.Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
d.C. Edmund Kells
Definition
Otto Walkhoff
Term
Who is considered by many to be the first advocate for the science of radiation protection?
a.Weston Price
b.William Morton
c.William Herbert Rollins
d.Franklin McCormack
Definition
William Herbert Rollins
Term
Which imaging modality will most likely become the gold standard for imaging certain dental conditions in the near future?
a.Cone beam volumetric tomography
b.Computed tomography
c.Digital imaging
d.Tomography
Definition
Cone beam volumetric tomography
Term
Who is given credit for applying the rule of isometry to the bisecting technique?
a.William Rollins
b.A. Cieszynski
c.G. M. Fitzgerald
d.Otto Walkhoff
Definition
A. Cieszynski
Term
Who is given credit for developing the paralleling technique?
a.W.D. Coolidge
b.H. R. Raper
c.William Morton
d.Franklin McCormack
Definition
Franklin McCormack
Term
A hypersensitive gag reflex that results from a physical reaction to a feeling of the airway being blocked is called a psychogneic stimulus.
Definition
The first statement is false. The second statement is true.
Term
If absolutely necessary, who should be asked to hold the image receptor in place for th patient with physical disabilities?
Definition
The patient's caregiver or guardian
Term
Deciding whether to expose dental radiographs on a child patient is based on:
Definition
individual needs.
Term
Each of the following need to be considered when deciding what size image receptor to us on a child except one. Which one is the exception?
A) Cooperation level.
B) Amount of plaque present.
C) Size of the dental arches.
D) Size of the mouth opening.
Definition
Amount of plaque present
Term
To aid in managing a patient with special needs, an organized radiographer will:
A) progress through the procedure rapidly and accurately.
B) expose the easier projections first.
C) have all supplies and equipment ready before exposure
D) all of the above.
Definition
all of the above
Term
The general rule for exposure setting for children between the ages of 10 and 15 years should be:
Definition
reduced by 1/3 the exposure used for adults.
Term
In treating children with a primary or transitional dentition, the bisecting technique is preferred, because the small size of the mouth precludes the placement of a film beyond the apical regions of the teeth.
Definition
both statements are true.
Term
Each of the following statements regarding dental radiography of the older adult patien is correct except one. Which one is the exception?
A) If necessary, the radiographer should hold the image receptor in the patient's mouth during the exposure.
B) A smaller, lighter weight image receptor holder may be more comfortable.
C) If necessary, and extraoral radiograph may be substituted.
D) Use of commercial image receptor edge protector may make the procedure more comfortable.
Definition
If necessary, the radiographer should hold the image receptor in the patient's mouth during the exposure.
Term
What film Size is typically used for the edentulous examination?
Definition
2
Term
Which of the following conditions or circumstances would contraindicate necessary dental radiograph for the patient?
A) Hearing or visual impairment
B) Recent dental radiographs at another practice
C) Pregnancy
D) Wheelchair confinement
Definition
recent dental radiographs at another practice
Term
Currently the ADA recommendation is that elective radiographs may be taken on the pregnant patient. Unnecessary radiographs may be taken only when the female is determined not to be pregnant.
Definition
both statements are false
Term
When a child patient cannot tolerate intraoral placement of the image receptor for exposure of a periapical radiograph, which of the following may sometimes be an acceptable substitute?
Definition
panoramic and lateral jaw
Term
If a panoramic film is unavaiable, a full mouth series of periapical films can be used to examine the edentulous arches. How many are required to accomplish this?
Definition
fourteen
Term
Allowing the child patient to observe a sibling or parent undergoing the radiographic procedure may help to alleviate fear of the unknown and promote cooperation. This patient management strategy is called modeling.
Definition
both statements are true
Term
Which of the following image receptor size would be the easiest to position for a bitewing radiograph on a 5 yr old?
A) 3
B) 0
C) 4
D) 2
Definition
0
Term
A person with a physical disability may have problems with:
A) Vision
B) Hearing
C) Mobility
D) all of the above
Definition
all of the above
Term
Which of the following extraoral radiographs is commonly assessed for in conjunction with intraoral radiographs for the child patient?
A) Transcranial
B) Panoramic
C) Waters
D) Reverse Town
Definition
panoramic
Term
Standard radiographic procedures can be altered for the older adult who presents with age-related change complications. Using the salutation "honey" or "dear" when addressing an elderly patient will assist the radiographic process.
Definition
the first statement is true, the second is false
Term
If a person is blind or visually impaired, the dental radiographer must:
Definition
Communicate using clear verbal explanations.
Term
The general rule for exposure setting for children under the ages 10 years should be:
Definition
reduced by 1/2 the exposure used for adults
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