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Describes SEVERITY of radiation response; you can determine what will happen.
See results soon |
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INCIDENT of the radiation response increases with increasing dose
Long term effects |
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| water makes up ___% of the body |
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| Which molecular composition of the body is most radio-sensitive? |
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| When are cells most vulnerable? |
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| Radiation doses that are "protracted" are given _________? |
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| Radiation doses that are "fractionated" are given _________? |
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What type of graphs are A, B, and C?
[image] |
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A. linear, non-threshold
B. linear, threshold
C. non-linear, threshold |
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| At what rate does an alphaparticle use energy? |
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Definition
QUICKLY! High LET
(Like how a monster truck uses up it's gas fast) |
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| At what rate does an alphaparticle use energy? |
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QUICKLY! High LET
(Like how a monster truck uses up it's gas fast) |
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| At what rate does an xray photon use energy? |
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Definition
| slowly; low LET (like a prius that can keep running on it's tank of gas) |
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| Relative Biological Effectiveness |
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| How effective radiation is at affecting biological tissue relative to "test radiation" |
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| (Baseline / test radiation) = RBE |
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| AS LET goes up the RBE goes.... |
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| The ability of oxygen to increase the effectiveness of radiation to damaged tissues. |
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| SI unit name for roentgen, R (and SI symbol) |
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| SI unit name for rad (and SI symbol) |
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| SI unit name for rem (and SI symbol) |
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| Exposure (ionization in the air) is known as |
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| Absorbed dose is known as |
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| Effective dose is known as |
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| RBE will increase with increasing |
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All are properties of x-rays except:
- they travel in straight lines, in a predictable, divergent pattern
-can ionize atoms
-capable of producting harmful biological effects
-are affected by magnetic fields |
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Definition
| "are affected by magnetic fields" |
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| As LET continues to increase, the ability of O2 to enhance radiosensivity decreases this is because |
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Definition
| When LET reaches a certain level, the radiation itself will destroy all of the cells. Therefore, O2 no longer has a measurable effect in increasing the effectiveness of the radiation |
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| T or F; X-rays are electrically neutral |
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| The _____ is the basic functional unit of all plants and animals. |
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| What are nucleic acids in the cell? |
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| The most radiosensitive target molecule in the human cell is the |
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| T or F; Overall, the cells of a typical 25 year old person have the exact same sensitivity cells of a typical 85 year old person |
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| Meiosis is the process of cell division for ____ cells |
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| The law of ________ states that the radiosensitivity of living tissue is a function of metabolism and maturation of that tissue. |
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| Tissues that are immature with a ____ metabolic rate are more radiosensitive |
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| ___ is a measure of the rate that energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue |
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| As LET ______, the RBE ______. |
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| A protracted dose of radiation is given |
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| over a long period of time |
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| Tissue is ____ radiosenstive under high oxygen conditions and ____ radiosensitive under hypoxic conditions. |
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| humans are most radiosensitive during |
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| The possible beneficial effect of a small amount of radiation is called |
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| A ____ response to radiation is directly proportional to the dose received. |
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| If a response to radiation is expected at a certain dose, then that dose-response is referred to as |
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| Radiation induced leukemia follows a _____ response relationship. |
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All of the following describe characteristics of radiosensitive cells, except:
a. specialized
b. high mitotic rate
c. undifferentiated
d. stem |
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All of the following responses are classified as stochastic, except:
a. cancer
b. radiation induced skin burns (erythema)
c. leukemia
d. genetic effects |
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| b. radiation induced skin burns (erythema) |
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| As LET increases, OER ______ |
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| What are the three principles of radiation protection? |
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| time, distance, and shielding |
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| What does the NCRP establish? |
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| recommended limits, values, measurements, etc. (DOESN'T ENFORCE) |
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| Who enforces the radiation safety? |
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Definition
-FDA
-Department of heath, education and welfare
-OSHA
-State Regulatory Boards |
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| The radium watch dial painters showed an increase incidence of |
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| _____ tissue is most radio-resistant (least radio-sensitive). |
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| immediately following a whole body dose of 10 Gy, the victim would experience _______ symptoms. |
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| most sensitive cells in the hematopoietic system? |
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| During which period does the victim experience a lack of symptoms and seems to feel fine? |
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| Gonadal responses to radiation |
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| Most effects of x-radiation in macromolecules of living systems in vivo, result from _____ action |
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| Cataracts show non-linear, threshold results, what is the effect? |
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| Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster increased rate of ______ cancer |
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| If radiation interacts with a "simple" cell and deactivates the "master molecule" what will most likely happen? |
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| How many sieverts is 500 mSv? |
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| indirect effects are ____ common |
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| Destruction of ____ cells in intestinal lining is a major contributor to the cause of death from GI syndrome |
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| main chain scission's effect on viscosity |
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| greater mitotic rate = greater radiosensitivity |
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| Bergonie and Tribdondeau says _____ proportional to reproductive activity and _____ proportional to their degree of specialization |
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| The ionization of water is aka |
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| OER and LET are _____ proportional |
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| LET and RBE are ______ proportional until maximum is reached. |
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| ______ can be used to increase sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation |
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| The CNS syndrome occurs after whole body dose of ____Gy or more |
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| 50/60 results in death in ___ days, ___% of irradiated population |
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| a person subjected to 50 Gy would most likely survive for about _______ before death occurred |
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| the amount of absorber material that will reduce the intensity of the beam to 1/2 of the original |
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| The ______ barrier is a wall or area where the x-ray tube can never be directed towards. |
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| The _______ barrier is any wall that the x-ray tube can be directed at |
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| The lead equivalence for the primary barrier |
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| The x-ray tube is never pointed at the ______ barrier. |
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| In fluoro, the _________ acts as a primary protector barrier |
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| Total filtration when operated above 70kVp |
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| What is the traditional until for Air Kerma (Gya) |
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| What is the SI unit for Rad? |
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| What is the traditional unit for equivalent and effective dose? |
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| _____ tells a simple story, ____ tells a more complete story and ______ tells the whole story. |
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| Air Kerma, Gray, and Sievert |
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| To keep time short in fluor what three things should be done? |
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Definition
-pulsed fluoro
-staggered foot pedal
-don't use mag feature |
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| What is added together to get the total filtration (2.5)? |
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| inherent (.5) and added (2mm) |
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| How long must the mobile x-ray cord be? |
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| What are the three things control panels must do? |
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| light up, make a sound and be fixed on the wall. |
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| SID indicator has to be within __%. |
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| As radiation absorption in biologic tissue increases, the risk of adverse effects also increases. |
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| Gonadal doses as low as _____ Gy can depress sperm count in the male, and delay or suppress menstruation in the female |
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Which of the following is not a likely result of radiolysis?
-creation of isotopes within the blood
-formation of H2O2
-formation of free radicals
-re-formation of H20 |
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Definition
| creation of isotopes within the blood |
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| Radiation protection guidelines for radiographers are based on: |
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| stochastic effects of radiation |
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Which of the following is true regarding the cells/tissues of children?
-because their cells are less specialized and have an increased rate of mitotic activity, adults are less sensitive to radiation than children.
-because of their increased metabolism, children are less radiosensitive than adults
-because of their slower metabolism when compared to adults, children are less sensitive to radiation.
-because of their increased metabolism, children are more sensitive to radiation than adults. |
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Definition
| because of their increased metabolism, children are more sensitive to radiation than adults. |
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| A cell that has a higher rate of mitosis, will be more resistant to radiation than a cell with a slower rate of mitosis |
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| A ______ effect increases in incidence but not in severity as the dose increases. |
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| As radiation absorption in biologic tissue increases, the risk of adverse effects also increases. |
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x-rays are produced as a result of:
-electrons being driven into the cathode with high kinetic energy
-electrons being driven into the anode with high kinetic energy
-AC current across the x-ray tube
-exciting electrons in an air filled chamber |
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Definition
| electrons being driven into the anode with high kinetic energy |
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| Also known as an indirect effect |
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All of the following are possible results of radiolysis except:
-alpha particles are created
-production of free radicals
-H20 recombines to form a normal water molecule
-H202 (hydrogen peroxide) is created |
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| alpha particles are created |
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| The viscosity of macromolecules irradiated in vitro is decreased when ______________ is observed. |
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| This type of cancer results in the over-production of white blood cells, and has a linear, non-threshold dose response relationship |
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| Malignant disease (cancer, leukemia) and genetic damage observed in later generations, follow a... |
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| linear, non-threshold dose response relationship |
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| A "low" D37 dose would indicate: |
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| The probability of a hit is increased with _______ oxygen and ______ LET radiation. |
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| The ______ -target, _______ -hit model of radiation induced cell death applies to simple cells only. |
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| Which of the following has the highest LET? |
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| This can be a result of radiolysis, can damage a cell, and has a greater probability of occurring in the presence of 02 |
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| Which of the following best describes the term, "HVL?" |
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| The amount of absorber material that will reduce the intensity of the beam to 1/2 of the original |
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| EqD (equivalent dose), takes into account the dose and |
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| The radiation weighting factor |
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Which of the following units would be used to describe a dose, when the type of radiation is known, and the tissues that are irradiated are known:
Gya
C/kg
Roentgen
Sievert |
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| In regards to the x-ray tube housing, leakage must be less than: |
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| 1 mGy/hour at 1 meter from the tube |
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| When testing for linearity (or "reciprocity"), a medical physicist will move the mA and time stations around to ensure the same mAs can still be created. The allowable deviation for linearity is: |
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| "The exposure switch cord should be at least 2 meters in length." This describes a safety limit for: |
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| The minimum SSD (source to skin distance) for a fixed fluoroscopic unit is________, and for a mobile fluoroscopic unit it is _________. |
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| A primary barrier, must have ________ of Pb, or Pb equivalent. |
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| A secondary barrier must have ________ of Pb, or Pb equivalent. |
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| Fluoroscopic protection features should include a bucky slot cover, and protective lead curtains that attach to the image intensifier. Both of these items should be _______ Pb, or Pb equivalent. |
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| where is the fetal dosmieter worn ? |
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| The safest place to stand during an exam is at a __ degree angle to the patient |
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| Annual Effective Dose Limit for diagnostic Imaging Personnel in REM and mSV? |
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| General public radiation dose in REM and mSV? |
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| What is the #1 source of scatter |
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| What kind of dosimeter has a non-destructive readout? |
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| OSL (optically stimulated luminescence) |
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| Where does secondary radiation come from? |
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