The radiographic beam should be collimated so that it is which of the following?

A.  Slighty larger than the image receptor.

B.  No larger than the image receptor.

C.  Twice as large as the image receptor.

D.  Four times as large as the image receptor.

B. No larger than the image receptor.

Both alignment and length and width dimensions of the radiographic and light beams must coorespond to within:

A.  1% of the SID

B.  2% of the SID

C.  5% of the SID

D.  10% of the SID

B. 2% of the SID

What is the function of a filter in diagnostic radiology?

A.  To permit only alpha rays to reach the patient's skin.

B.  To permit only beta particles to interact with the atoms of the patient's body.

C.  To decrease the x-radiation dose to the patient's skin and superficial tissue.

D.  To remove gamma radiation from the useful beam.

C.  To decrease the x-radiation dose to the patient's skin and superficial tissue.

HVL may be defined as the thickness of a designated absorber required to do which of the following?

A.  Increase the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value.

B.  Increase the intensity of th eprimary beam by 25% of its initial value.

C.  Decrease the intensity of the primary beam by 50% of its initial value.

D.  Derease the intensity of the primary beam by 25% of its initial value

C.  Decrease the intensity of th primary beam by 50% of its initial value.

A woman who is 3 months pregnant has been in a motor vehicle accident.  The emergency room physician suspects there is injury to her cervical spine and thus feels justified in ordering an x-ray to aid in determining the extent of the patient's injury.  Because the patient is pregnant, the radiographer should:

1.  Select the smallest technical exposure factors that will produce a diagnostically useful radiograph.

2.  Adequately and precisely collimate the radiographic beam to include only the anatomic area of interest.

3.  Shield the patinet's lower abdomen and pelvic region wth a suitable protective contact shield.

A.  1 only

B.  2 only

C.  3 only

D.  1, 2, and 3

D.  1, 2, and 3

Pediatric patients require special consideration and appropriate radation protection procedures because they are more vulnerabl to which of the following?

A.  Both the late somatic effects and genetic effects of radiation.

B.  Only the late somatic effects of radiation.

C.  Only genetic effects of radiaiton.

D.  Only the early somatic effects of radiation.

A.  Both the late somatic effects and genetic effects of radiation.

 Which of the following agencies is responsible for enforcing radiation safety standards?

A.  ICRP

B.  NRC

C.  NCRP

D.  UNSCEAR

B.  NRC

Detrmine the cumulative effective dose (CUMEfd) to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 27 years old.

A.  2700 mSv

B.  270 mSv

C.  27 mSv

D.  2.7 mSv

b.  270 mSv

Biologic effects such as cataracts that result from exposure to ionizing radiation appear to have which of the following?

A.  Circular dose-response threshold relationship

B.  Linear, nonthreshold dose pattern.

C.  Sigmoid threshold dose-response curve.

D.  sigmoid nonthreshold does-response relationship

C.  Sigmoid threshold dose-response curve

For radiation workers, such as medical imaging personnel, occupational risk may be equated with occupational risk in which of the following?

A.  Other industries that are generally considered resonably safe.

B.  Somewhat hazardous industries

C.  Hazardous industries

D.  Extremely hazardous industries

A.  Other industries that are generally considered resonably safe.

Revised estimates derived from recent reevaluations of dosimetric studies on the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki indicate which ofthe following?

A.  A decrease inthe number of solid tumors in the survivor population.

B.  An increase in the number of solid tumors in the survivor population.

C.  That low-level radiation causes cancer

D.  that the risk of radiation-induced cancer is nonexistent.

b.  An increase inthe number of solid tumors in the survivor population.

When exposed to radiation as part of their educational experience, 18-year-old students should not exceed an effetive dose limit of ____ annually.

A.  0.5 mSv (0.05 rem)

B.  1 mSv (0.1 rem)

C.  5 mSv  (0.5 rem)

D.  50 mSv (5 rem)

B.  1 mSv (0.1 rem)

Which of the following groups has provided sufficient evidence of the induction of stochastic effects in humans resulting from high radiation absorbed doses?

A.  Japanese atomic bomb survivors.

B.  General population of the United States

C.  Population of occupationally exposed radiographers in teh United States.

D.  The 2 million people living within 50 miles of the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant after the accident on March 28, 1979.

A.  Japanese atomic bomb survivors.

Responsiblities of a medical facility's radiaton safety officer (RSO) include which of the following?

 1.  Developing an appropriate radiation safety progrm.

2.  Maintaining radiation monitoring records for all personnel.

3.  Repairing all broken or defective imaging equipment.

A.  1 and 2 only

B.  1 and 3 only

C.  2 and 3 only

D.  1, 2, and 3

A.  1 and 2 only

To reduce exposure for pregnant female imaging professionals and control the exposure to the unborn during potentially sensitive periods of gestation, the NCRP now recommends a monthly equilvalent dose limit not exceeding ____ per month to the embryo-fetus and a limit during the entire pregnancy not to exceed  ______ after declaration of a pregnancy.

A.  0.5 mSv (0.05 rem), 5.0 mSv (0.50 rem)

B.  5 mSv (0.5 rem), 7.0 mSv (0.70 rem)

C.  150 mSv (15 rem), 300 mSv (30 rem)

D.  250 mSv (25 rem), 500 mSv (50 rem)

A.  0.5 mSv (0.05 rem),  5.0 mSv (0.50 rem)

Which of the following is the annual occupational effective dose that applies to radiographers during routine operations?

A.  5 mSv (0.5 rem)

B.  50 mSv (5 rem)

C.  250 mSv (25 rem)

D.  750 mSv (75 rem)

B.  50 mSv (5 rem)

Why have occupational and nonoccupational EfD limites been developed by scientists?

A.  To eliminate all harmful effects from low-leel ionizing radiation exposure.

B.  To minimize the risk of harmful biologic effects to the general public, patients, and radiation workers.

C.  To promote radiation hormesis.

D.  To be comparable to the risk occurring in both nonsafe and safe industries.

B.  To minimize the risk of harmful biologic effects to the general public, patients, and radiation workers.

Which of the following concerns the upper boundary dose of ionizing radiation that results in a negligible risk of bodily injury or genetic damage?

A.  Skin erythema dose

B.  Dose limits

C.  ColEfd

D.  EfD limit

D.  EfD limit

Fundamental radiation protection standards governing occupational radiation exposure may be found in which of the following documents?

A.  5 CFR 10

B.  10 CFR 20

C.  The ALARA Manual

D.  Public Law 90-602

B.  10 CFR 20

Which of the following groups are radiation protection standards organizations?

1. ICRP

2. NCRP

3. UNSCEAR

A.  1 and 2 only

B.  1 and 3 only

C.  2 and 3 only

D.  1, 2, and 3

D. 1, 2, and 3

The NCRP recommends that radiation exposure be kept at which of the following levels?

A.  As low as reasonably achievable

B.  At threshold levels

C.  Slightly above upper boundary levels

D.  At 0.01 mSv/yr

A.  As low as reasonably achievable

Which of the following concepts is behind the establishment of the effective dose limiting system?

A.  negligible risk

B.  Organ and tissure radiosensitivity

C.  Radiation hormesis

D.  Radiation exposure and associated risk of possible radiation-induced malignancy.

D.  Radiation exposure and associated risk of possible radiation-induced malignancy.

The term mutagenesis refers to which of the following?

A.  Birth defects from irradiation of reproductive cells before conception.

B.  Birth defects from irratiation of the unborn child in utero.

C.  Cancer caused by ionizing radiation exposure.

D.  Somatic effets of ionizing radiation caused by low-level exposure.

A.  Birth defects from irration of reproductive cells before conception.

Somatic effects of ionizing radiation that exhibit a threshold dose below which the effects do not normally occur and above which the severity of the biologic damage increases as the dose increases are classified as which of the following?

A.  Deterministic effects

B.  Epidemiologic effects

C.  Probabilistic effects

D.  Stochastic effects

A.  Deterministic effects

Congress passed the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act (public Law 90-602) in 1968 to protect the public from the hazards of unnecessary radiation exposure resulting from which ofthe following?

A.  Diagnostic x-ray equipmetn only

B.  Therapeutic x-ray equipment only

C.  Electronic products, excluding diagnostic x-ray equipment.

D.  Electronic products, including diagnostic x-ray equipment.

D.  Electronic products, including diagnostic x-ray equipment.

Which of the following are classified as late deterministic somatic effects?

1.  Cataract formation

2.  Organ atrophy

3.  Radiation-induced malignancy

A.  1 and 2 only

B.  1 and 3 only

C.  2 and 3 only

D.  1, 2, and 3

A.  1 and 2 only

What term is used for a beneficial effect of radiation in popultions continuously exposed to low levels of radiation above background?

A.  Nonoccupation EqD effect

B.  Radiation negligible risk level effect

C.  Radiation hormesis effect

D.  Radiation benevolent effect.

C.  Radiation hormesis effect.

In addition to the annual occupational EfD limit established for radiation wrokers, the NCRP recomends a lifetime EfD limit, which is found by multiplying a person's age inyears by which of the following?

A.  1 mSv (0.1 rem)

B.  10 mSv (1 rem)

C.  100 mSv (10 rem)

D.  1000 mSv (100 rem)

B.  10 mSv (1 rem)

For members of the general public not occupationally exposed, the NCRP recommmends an annual EfD limit of _______ for continous (or frequent) exposures from artificial sources of ionizing radiation other than medical irradiation and natural background and a limit of _______  annually for infrequent exposures.

A.  1 mSv (0.1 rem), 5 mSv (0.5 rem)

B.  3 mSv (0.3 rem), 8 mSv (0.8 rem)

C.  10 mSv (1 rem), 20 mSv (2 rem)

D.  50 mSv (5 rem), 75 mSv (7.5 rem)

A.  1 mSv (0.1 rem), 5 mSv (0.5 rem)

Which of the following is the unit of choice for expressign the ColEfd?

A. Group-gray (group-rad)

B.  Person-coulomb per kiolgram (person-roentgen)

C.  Person-sievert (man-rem)

D.  Group-coulomb  (group-roentgen)

C.  Person-sievert (man-rem)

A set of numeric dose limits that are based on calculations of the various risks of cancer and genetic effects to tissues or organs exposed to radiation defines

A.  ALARA concept

B.  Effective dose limiting system

C.  Investigational levels

D.  Risk protocol

B.  Effective dose limiting system

The NRC previously was known as

A.  AEC

B.  EPA

C.  FDA

D.  OSHA

A.  AEC

The Radiation Effects Research Foundation is a group run by the government of

A.  The United States to study the effects of low-level ionizing radiatio on populations

B.  Germany to study the effects of ionizng radiaiton ont eh population

C.  Japan, primarily to study the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

D.  England to study the development of childhood cancer in children exposed inutero ti ionizing radiation.

C.  Japan, primarily to study the atomic bomp survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Person-sievert (man-rem) may be used to express

A.  Annual occupational EfD for radiation workers

B.  ColEfD

C.  CumEfD

D.  EqD

B.  ColEfD

Which agency is responsible for regulations regarding employees' right to know about hazards that may be present in the workplace?

A.  NRC

B.  Al NRC agreement states

C.  EPA

D.  OSHA

D.  OSHA

The conclusions of the BEIR report No. 5 about the adverse health effects of low levels of ionizing radiation are based on extrapolations from radiaiton EqD greater than

A.  1 mSv (0.1 rem)

B.  0.1 Sv (10 rem)

C.  50 mSv (5 rem)

D.  0.5 Sv (50 rem)

D.  0.5 Sv (50 rem)

Because the tissue weighting factos (W_r) used to calculate EfD are so small for some organs, an organ associated with a low weighting factor may receive an unreasonably large dose even though the EfD remains within the allowable total limit.  Therefore special limits are set for the crystalline lens of the eye and localized areas of the skin, hands and feet to prevent.

1.  Nonstochastic effects

2.  Stochastic effects

3.  Probabilistic effects

A.  1 only

B.  2 only

C.  3 only

D.  1, 2 and 3

A.  1 only

Late deterministic somatic effets (e.g., cataract formation) have a high probability of occurring when entrance radiation doses exceed

A.  0.05 Gy (5 rads)

B.  0.5 Gy (50 rads)

C.  1 Gy (100 rads)

D.  2 Gy (200 rads)

D.  2 Gy (200 rads)

Established organ or tissue weighting factors for calculating the EfD include a "remainder" that takes into account additional tissues and organs, some of which are the

1. Brain

2. Small intestine and large intestine

3. Uterus

A.  1 and 2 only

B.  1 and 3 only

C.  2 and 3 only

D.  1, 2, and 3

D. 1, 2, and 3

Using the International System (SI), the CumEfD limit to the whole body of an occupationally exposed person who is 26 years old is

A.  26 mSv

B. 260 mSv

C.  2600 mSv

D. 26,000 mSv

B.  260 mSv

Using the traditional system, the CumEfD limit to the whole body of a 26 year old occupationally exposed individual is

A.  2.6 rem

B.  26 rem

C.  260 rem

D.  2600 rem

B.  26 rem

Biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that can be diretly related to the dose received are called

1.  Deterministic effects

2.  Stochastic effects

3.  Nonstochastic effects

A.  1 and 2 only

B.  1 and 3 only

C.  2 and 3 only

D.  1, 2, and 3

B.  1 and 3 only

Examples of stochastic effects include

1. Acute radiation syndrome

2. Cancer

3. Genetic alterations

A.  1 and 2 only

B.  1 and 3 only

C.  2 and 3 only

D.  1, 2, and 3

C.  2 and 3 only

The use of the PA projection during a juvenile scoliosis radiographic examination results in which of the following?

A.  High entrance exposure dose to the anterior body surface, thereby significantly increasing the dose ot the breast.

B.  Lower entrance exposure dose to the anterior body surface, thereby significantly reducing the dose to hte breast.

C.  Poorer quality radiographs that necessitate a repeat examination.

D.  Radiographs that do not adequately demonstrate spinal curvature.

B.  lower entrance exposure dose to the anterior body surface, thereby significantly reducing the dose to the breast.

Federal regulations in the United States for Food and Drug Adminstration Certification of screening mamography facilities state the the mean dose to the glandular tissue of a 4.5-cm compressed breast using a screen-film mammography system should not exceed which of the following?

A.  1 mGy (100 rads) per view

B.  3 mGy (300 rads) per view

C.  5 mGy (500 rads) per view

D.  7 mGy (700 rads) per view

B.  3 mGy (300 rads) per view

To decrease patient exposure during fluoroscopic procedures, the fluoroscopist can:

1.  Limit the size of the fluoroscopic field to include only the area o fanatomy that is of clinical interest.

2.  Employ the practice o fintermittent, or pulsed, fluoroscopy to reduce the overall length of exposure.

3.  Choose to use a conventional fluoroscope instead of an image intensification fluoroscope.

A.  1 and 2 only

B.  1 and 3 only

C.  2 and 3 only

D.  1, 2, and 3

A.  1 and 2 only

If a maximum of 500 people were inhabiting the earth and each person received an equivalent dose (EqD) of 0.005 Sv (0.5 rem) gonadal radiation, the gross genetic effect would be _______ the effect occuring when 50 individual inhabitants each reaceive 0.05 Sv (5 rem) of gonadal radiation and no equivalent dose is received by other inhabitants.

A.  Greatly different than

B.  Slightly different than

C.  Almost the same as

D.  Identical to

D.  Identical to