Alara 

As Low As Reasonably Acheievable 

A radiation safety principle for 

minimizing radiation doses and releases of radioactive 

materials by employing all reasonable methods.

Proton

Max Karl Ernst 

They are large subatomic fragments consisting of two protons and two neutrons. Helium Atoms with a positive charge.

Discovered by: Ernest Rutherford

Beta particles are subatomic particles ejected from the nucleus of some radioactive atoms. They are equivalent to electrons. The difference is that beta particles originate in the nucleus and electrons originate outside the nucleus.

Discovered by: Henri Becquerel

1. Mass
2. Distance/Length(L)
3. Time(T)
4. Temperature
5. Current, Luminosity

1. Mass in (Kg)
2. Distance in (M)
3. Time (sec)
4. Kevin (Kelvin)

Formed when mathematical operations have been performed on the fundemental

1. Velocity
2. Acceleration
3. Force
4. Energy
5. Power
6. Frequency

Newtons Three Laws

F=M*A

1. An object at rest tends to stay at rest, an object in motion tends to stay in motion.
2. The acceleration of a body is directly proportional to, and in the same direction as, the net force acting on the body, and inversely proportional to its mass. Thus, F = ma, where F is the net force acting on the object, m is the mass of the object and a is the acceleration of the object.
3. When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to that of the first body

Eneregy in nitehr distroyed or created 

Discoverer: Hermann Helmholtz

Maxwells Equations 

James Clerk Maxwell

1. His four equations described the electric field that surrounds every object with charge and the magnetic field that is produced by moving charge.
2. One of the consequences of Maxwell’s Equations is that accelerating charges radiate energy.
3. Knowing Maxwell’s Equations allows you understand everything from current in a wire, to computers, to radio and light waves.
4. Maxwell stands as one of the greatest physicists of all time. His four short formulas revolutionized the world.

Discovered that radiation did not com from the compound but from the uranium atom specifically. And that the radiation given off was always in porpotion to the quantity of uranium present.

Died from the many years of exposure reducing her bone marrow.

1. He postulated that the atom does not collapse in on itself because the electrons, though accelerating, are allowed to exist without radiating energy if they are in certain energy states, or “shells”around the nucleus.
2. Bohr also proposed that if an electron moves from a higher energy state (shell) to a lower, it gives off a quantum (photon) with an energy dictated by Planck’s formula.
3. Conversely, the electron can absorb a quantum and move from a lower to a higher energy state as described by this formula.

He noticed that the neutral particles knocked protons out of the atomic nuclei in paraffin, and proposed that the particle had a mass equivalent to that of protons He named these Particles Neutrons

1. – 1H (H - hydrogen)
2. – 1H (D - deuterium)
3. – 1H (T - tritium; radioactive)

1. Gravity
2. Electromagnetism
3. The Weak Nuclear Force: the weak force is responsible for the emission of beta particles from radioactive nuclei. Ex.Beta decay
4. The Strong Nuclear Force: The strong force is an attractive force that acts between a proton and a proton, or a neutron and a proton, or a neutron and a neutron.

All four of the forces operate on the principle of “action at a distance”; that is, the forces can act between objects even if they are separated by vacuum.

1. Radio Waves
2. Microwaves
3. Infared waves
4. Visable light
5. Ultraviolet
6. X-Rays