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Characteristics of vertebrae on both sides of a major division of the spine

Most common: ____

Findings are incidental

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Transitional Vertebra

Congenital Disease

L5-S1

can also have ribs off of C-7 can also have at T-12,

L-1,L-5,and S-1

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Posterior defect of the spinal canal resulting from failure of the posterior elements to fuse properly mild insignificant form is _____, in which there is a splitting of thebony neural canal at the L5-S1 Level.

Spina Bifida

(spina bifida occulta)

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Rare hereditary bone dysplasia

-Faulty bone (development) reabsorbtion

-Prevents bone marrow formation

-image may looked blurred

*AKA:_____

symetric generalized ____in bone density

Technique change?

Osteopetrosis

Congenital

AKA Marble Bone Disease

increase

increase technique

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Inherited disorderof connective tissue

-Lack of osteoblastic activity & inadequate bone collagen

-blue color of white sclera of the eye

AKA: _____

Appearance:

-Multiple Fractures

-Severe Osteoporosis

-Extensive callus formation

Technique?

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Congenital Disease of Bone

AKA: Brittle bone disease

Lower Technique

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• Def: Abnormal conversion of cartilage into bone

-most common form of dwarfism

• Appearance

-Progressive narrowing of interpedicular distance from above downward

-Scalloping of posterior margins of lumbar

-Long bones appear short and thick

no taller than 4ft.

Achondroplasia

Congenital disease of bone

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Def: Incomplete ____ formation with tendons and ligaments being affected

-Due to ____ hormone levels or ____ of fetus in utero

Images:  AP & bilateral _____ (frog leg) views

• Demonstrates dislocation _____ and _____

Usually infants

Congenital Hip Dysplasia

acetabulum

increase

size

cleaves

superiorly

posteriorly

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Def: Inflammatory arthritis of the small joints of the hands and feet

-Chronic systemic disease of unknown cause

• Symmetric involvement of multiple joints

-Crippling deformity

• Affects women average onset is __ years

• Appearance:

-Early signs: soft tissue swelling; osteoporosis

-Later: decrease in joint space(smooth narrowing), eroded ends of bones and subluxation(partial dislocation)

enzymes attack bone

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Inflammatory/ Infectious Disease

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Def: Begins in the SI joints

-bilateral(both sides) symmetrical involvement

-Progressive from the lumbar upward

AKA ____

Appearance: ______

-blurring of articular margins & patchy sclerosis progressing to narrowing of the joint space which leads to bony ankylosis

-severe vertebral fusion

-poker spine

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Inflammatory/Infectious disease

rheumatoid spondylitis

bamboo spine

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Def: characterized by arthritis, urethritis, and conjunctivitis

-Occurs after certain types of venereal or GI infections

-AKA: _______

-Affects young adult men

• Involves SI joints,heel, and toes

affects feet more than hands

-Changes mimic rheumatoid arthritis

Reiter Syndrome

AKA Reactive arthritis

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Def: Loss of joint cartilage and new bone formation

AKA ____

Affects weight bearing joints (spine,hips,knee,ankles)

• Appearance

-Narrowing of joint space(irregular)

*-Osteophytes(bone spur)

Osteoarthritis

AKA Degenerative Joint Disease

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Def: Inflammation of the bursea

-due to repeated physical activity,trauma,rheumatoid arthritis,gout or infection

-Appearance: calcifications in adjacent tendons(calcific tendinitis)

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Def: Generalized or localized deficiency of bone matrix

-osteoclast/osteoblastic activity

Acelerated resorption of bone

Decreased bone formation

-Loss of bone mass and density

Porous, brittle & prone to fx

Most evident, compression & hip fx

AKA: ______

Technique?

Osteoporosis

lower technique

Picture Frame Pattern

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Def: Insufficient mineralization of the adult skeleton

-Lack of calcium and phosphate

Deficiency of Vitamin D

Pregnancy

Kidney failure/renal disease

Appearance

-Softening of bones

-Cortical borders appear indistinct(opposite of osteoporosis)

-inward bending of acetabular wall

Def. systemic disease of infancy & childhood

-Deficiency of Vitamin D in the diet or lack of exposure to sunshine

-Deficiency in the calcification of bones

AKA______

 Most common  ______

-Develops 6mo to a year

Radiographic changes best seen- ___,___,___, and ____ areas (fasting growing areas of bone)

• ______ and ______ metaphysis in long bones

Ricket's/ AKA Infantile Osteomalacia

premature infants

ribs,tibia,humerus and wrist

cupped and frayed

Def. Disorder of the metabolism of purine

- Increase in the blood level of ____ ____

-Deposits of ________ in the joints, cartilage & kidneys.

• Primary/Secondary gout
• *Most affects the ______

-Appearance

Changes develop late in disease & after repeated attacks

-Rat Bite

clump of uric acid at particular jt. is _______

jt. space narrowing

Gouty Arthritis

uric acid

uric acid inthe joints

1st MTP joint

gouty tophi

Def. Old bone starts breaking down faster thannew bone can be built resulting in weak & soft bones leading to fx.

AKA______

-Most common middle aged med

____ area is initial site, femurs,skull ,tibia, vertebrae, clavicles & ribs

• Appearance

-Skull- radiolucency initially(destructive osteolytic stage) with sclerosis & cortical thickening (mottled, ______Reparative osteoblastic stage)

-Spine- enlargement of vertebrae

Paget's Disease(Osteitis deformans) Metabolic bone disease

Pelvic

cotton-wool

Def. Bone death from inadequate blood supply to the femoral head following trauma,injury or even can be idiopathic.

-Usually unilateral

-affects young boys around the age of 5 to 10 years

• clinical signs-limp with little or no pain

Appearance

-images demonstrate fagmented and flattened femoral head

Def. acute or chronic inflammation of bone & bone marrow caused by a pathogenic microorganism

-Spreads via bloodstream

bloodstream, adjacent infection or direct introduction(surgery)

-Begins as an abscess with pus that spreads to the surface of the bone and to adjacent areas

-affects long bones(children) & vertebra+pelvis(pelvis)

-NM/xrays

Appearance

ragged moth eaten

Def. Proliferation of fibrous tissue within the medullary cavity

-Gradually expands and weakens the bone

Loss of trabecular markings

Widening of the bone

-Single bone or bones of one extremity or throughout entire skeleton (in children

Long bones femur and tib, ribs & facial bones

prone to fx.

Appearance

-well defined radiolucent areas

completely radiolucent

ground glass density

multiocular

Def. Benign projection of bone with a cartilaginous cap(can become malignant)

-Arises during childhood or teen years

-occurs in the epiphyseal plate and grows laterally

-Cortex blends with normal bone & grows parallel and away from nearest joint

-Cap may become thick & calcified-malignancy

Osteosarcoma or chondrosarcoma

Osteochondroma/Exostosis

Benign Bone Tumors

Def: slow growing benign tumor arising in medullary cavity

-Destroys normal bone

-prone to fx

• Affects small bones of _______

children and young adults

• Often multiple lesions

• Appearance: Radiolucent lesion with small calcifications

Enchondroma

hands and feet

Def: rare, aggressive benign tumor appearing as destructive lesions next to the joint

-Occurs mostly in the epiphysis; does not involve the joint

Affects adults aged 20 to 40 years

*AKA: ______

• Appearance:as the tumor expands toward the shaft-demonstrates multiple large bubbles separated by thin strips of bone

Osteoclastomas

Benign bone tumors

Giant cell tumor

Def: tumor of teenagers or young adults found in the femur or tibia

-Originate from _____ cells

-Tumor is a small, round or oval lucent center (nidus) surrounded by a large, dense sclerotic area of cortical thickening

-Pain is worse at night

Relieve with aspirin

Osteoid Osteoma(benign bone tumors)

osteoblasitic cells

AKA_____

Def. A true fluid filled cyst with a wall of fibrous tissue

-Occurs in proximal humerus or femur

• Appearance:

-Expansile lucent lesion that is sharply demarcated(outlined) from adjacent bone

-Thin rim of sclerosis around it

-Oval configuration

-Pain

Simple Bone Cyst

(unicameral)

Def: consists of osteoblasts producing spicules of calcified bone

*Most frequently diagnosed bone cancer

-Tend to arise in those 10-25 years of age

• Paget's disease predispose

AKA ______

• Develop pulmonary metastases
• Generally occurs in the end of long bones Especially the ____

Appearance: Mixed destructive & sclerotic lesion with soft tissue mass

-_____ pattern

-Elevation of the periosteum at periphery of lesion with new bone formation

Osteogenic Sarcoma

AKA: Osteosarcoma

Knee

Sunburst

Def: pre-existing cartilaginous lesion or anew

-Osteochondroma/ enchondrom

-Develop later 35 to 60 yearsold

-Grows more slowly

-Metastasizes later

• Appearance

-Contains calcifications within mass

-Destroys bone

Chondrosarcoma

Malignant bone tumors

Malignant cap

Def: Primary tumor arising in bone marrow of long bones

-Pediatric bone cancer

-Extremely malignant, spreads to soft tissue

Rare after 30

• Appearance

-Area of bone destruction involving a large central portion of shaft

-Fusiform layered periosteal reaction parallel to shaft (_____________)

Ewing Sarcoma

Malignant bone tumor

Onionskin appearance

Def: Widespread malignancy of plasma cells that infiltrate bone producing multiple osteolytic lesions throughout

• Affects those 40-70years of age
• Appearance

-_________ on lateral skull

-Lesions tend to be more discrete and uniform in size than Mets

Multiple Myeloma

Swiss cheese

-May have kidney issues

-Extremely malignant

Def: Most common malignant bone tumors

-Spread by means of bloodstream or lymphatic vessels or by direct extension

-Most common primary tumors:breast, lung, prostate, kidney and thyroid

-Favorite sites: spine, pelvis, ribs, skull, humerus and femur