• Sardinia
• Well organized, has constitution, provided numerous civil liberties, true representation and elected by people who had a certain income

• King Victor Emmanuel
• Ruled Sardinia; somewhat liberal for a time period but is still a monarch
• Son takes over afterwards and (King Victor Emmanuel II) brings about Fascism

• Count Camillo Benso di Cavour 
• Form a noble family and has personal substantial wealth and is the Architect of the Unification of Italy

• Form a noble family and has personal substantial wealth and is the Architect of the Unification of Italy
• Focused on unifying Northern Italy first because it was more prosperous
• Go to war against Austria and are able to win and unify Northern Italy
• Southern Italy is not on board immediately 
• In Southern Italy there is a national uprising by Giuseppe Girabldi who is largely used by Cavour 
• Girabaldi: Two Sicily’s are joined then going through Naples and marching through Rome (which is a no-no) & Cavour tries to put a stop to it
• Cavour, Girabaldi, and Emmanuel meet in the middle of the Pope’s palace in1860 and Italy is unified 

• Rules through Fascism
• Fascism: an authoritarian and nationalistic right wing system of government with a lot of social organization to it 
• 1922 becomes prime minister and eventually president and leads a coup-a-ta
• But there is still a King in place (V.Emmanuel the II) who is close to the Pope
• Eventually deposed and killed because he had a squadron of cops around, rounded up people, lots of violence - discrimination 

• Work (mostly Northerners perspective)

• Shopkeepers

- Northerners were able to open and keep their shops

• Manual Laborers 
• Southerners had to take up manual jobs such as construction, etc. 
• Basically like being the “middle man”
• Female Work
• Work at home (wanted to preserve culture and family ties)
• One of the first groups that did not have majority of domestic care because of the language barrier 

• Jesuits: over 400 trying to reform the ones in the “Wild West”  such as cowboys/Native Americans 
• Jesuits were known to be highly education: created universities/higher education institutions 
• Going to church was a social event; Catholicism had to remain in their lives to preserve ones identity 

- Limited immigration to 3% of the immigrant population of the 1910 census 

• No need to assimilate
• Posed difficulties for when someone were to go out and try to communicate with Americans
• Bond: made it easier to survive 

• Kinship Ties

• Bond - Preserve cultural institutions 
• More Profitable 
• Hierarchies and grudges carried over with them to the United States

• Had to work for lower wages and dangerous working conditions 
• Most were unskilled and faced discrimination 
• Housing 

• Most did not have indoor plumbing
• Poor conditions = caused many diseases

• Italian Crime
• Image that they were substantially involved in organized crime (majority had nothing to do with the mafia)
• Depicted as lawless and thugs
• Most crimes were on small scales such as those attributed to poverty
• With the ban of alcohol, more organized crime appeared 

• Founded in 1975 
• Dedicated to preserving Italian culture in America

• Sons of Italy in America

• Those who wanted to make sure their culture was preserved in America (men) 

Emperor

• Ethnically similar
• Duty of all Slavs to help there brethren 
• Mostly Christians particularly Eastern Orthodox

• Russians: Largest group of Immigrants
• Polish
• Slavs
• Jews
• Balkans 

• Family runs Russia from 1613-1917 
• Peter the Great: tries to modernize Russia 
• Goes on a grand tour of Europe & comes back to Russia & requires all noblemen to be clean shaven, wear traditional European dress, eat with utensils
• Had to earn titles 
• Created St. Petersburg: supposed to be gateway to Europe  
• Not in touch with the average Russian 

• Sympathetic towards the people but did not know how to exactly go about fixing it
• Emancipated the serfs - seen as a liberal tsar
• Assassinated by right wing group
• Emancipation of Serfs (1861)
• Serfs are tied to the land because they owe a feudal duty to the Lord
• Emancipated the Serfs on a condition

• Serfs are tied to the land because they owe a feudal duty to the Lord

• Serfs lived here with a community of other serfs who worked under the same lord 

• Not everyone was required to serve in the military
• Village elders would decide who would go (Example: 3 people) 
• Life long endeavor - village would hold a funeral for you because you would never come back & if you did, no one would likely recognize you 

• Those in favor of the Tsar 

Dukhobors

Molokans

• Pacifists group
• Very distinctive culture and religious denominations (Eastern Orthodox but have a evangelical spin to it)

• After Stalin’s death in 1953 and Kruschev takes over, Russia and the U.S. somewhat open up to each other
• Visits Eisenhower in the States 
• Once he finds out about the Missile Crisis with Cuba = Cold War ensues
• Authorities in the Soviet Union, allow citizens to leave without stopping them (many people take advantage of this - artists, writers, actors, etc) 

• Poland is the first to become free from the Soviet Union 
• Huge amount come over after WWII and Communism

  i.  Don’t like to trade with other countries/keep to themselves

  ii.  Their culture was able to be maintained very well because of this

 i. 1853 start to see more exposure to the west

             ii. Matthew sailed in with treaty to trade with the U.S.

             iii. Changes them from feudal to centralized

             iv.  Become imperial power

   Hawaii

            i. Sugar cane plantations

1.       Post-civil war

2.       Very few white laborers

3.       U.S. entrepreneurs would set up shop

a.       Took advantage of them

4.       Hawaii was not a part of U.S. yet

a.       1898 it becomes a part of U.S.

5.       Hawaiians who worked fields were last in racial hierarchy

b.      Mainland migration

              i.  Occurs after 1880

1.       Not farmers or laborers

2.       Were mainly shop owners and tradesmen

a.       Became a concern for U.S. citizens

Prohibited persons from citizenship (basically all non-whites) from owning land

    i. 1942 Roosevelt order all military areas to evacuate any/all persons from area (which meant the Japanese)

   ii. Declared certain areas (mostly the west coast) military zones, so officials could relocate Japanese to camps

 ii. Declared certain areas (mostly the west coast) military zones, so officials could relocate Japanese to camps

1.       These were called internment camps and relocation camps

                   iii. Reparations

1.       Paying people for hardships they went through at a certain time

a.       Didn’t come until 1988 (Reagan)

b.      Although Japanese were released from camps around 1948