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R
Introduction to R
183
Computer Science
Not Applicable
09/08/2016
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Term
1 The R environment
What is the programming language for R?
 Definition
S
Term
1 Related software and documentation
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
1 R and statistics
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
1 R and the window system
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
1 Using R interactively
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
1 An introductory session
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
1 Getting help with functions and features
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
1 R commands, case sensitivity, etc
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
1 Recall and correction of previous commands
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
1 Executing commands from or diverting output to a file
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
1 Data permanency and removing objects
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
2 Vectors and assignment
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
2 Vector arithmetic
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
1:30
 Definition
vector for c(1, 2, 3, 4..., 29, 30)

https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/
Term
2 Logical vectors
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
2 Missing values
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
2 Character vectors
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
2 Index vectors; selecting and modifying subsets of a data set
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
2 Other types of objects
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
3 Intrinsic attributes: mode and length
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
3 Changing the length of an object
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
3 Getting and setting attributes
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
3 The class of an object
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
4 A specific example
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
4 The function tapply() and ragged arrays
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
4 Ordered factors
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 Arrays
An array can be considered as a multiply ______ _______ of data entries, for example _______. R allows simple facilities for creating and handling arrays, and in particular the special case of ________.
 Definition
subscripted collection
numeric
matrices

https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/
Term
5 Array indexing. Subsections of an array
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 Index matrices
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 The array() function
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 Mixed vector and array arithmetic. The recycling rule
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 The outer product of two arrays
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 Generalized transpose of an array
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 Matrix facilities
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 Matrix multiplication
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 Linear equations and inversion
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 Singular value decomposition and determinants
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 Least squares fitting and the QR decomposition
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 Forming partitioned matrices, cbind() and rbind()
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 The concatenation function, c(), with arrays
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
5 Frequency tables from factors
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
6 Lists
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
6 Constructing and modifying lists
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
6 Concatenating lists
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
6 Data frames
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
6 Making data frames
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
6 attach() and detach()
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
6 Working with data frames
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
6 Attaching arbitrary lists
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
6 Managing the search path
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
7 The read.table() function
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
7 The scan() function
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
7 Accessing builtin datasets
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
7 Loading data from other R packages
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
7 Editing data
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
8 R as a set of statistical tables
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
8 Examining the distribution of a set of data
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
8 One- and two-sample tests
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
9 Grouped expressions
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
9 Control statements
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
9 Conditional execution: if statements
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
9 Repetitive execution: for loops, repeat and while
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
10 Simple examples
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
10 Defining new binary operators
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
10 Named arguments and defaults
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
10 The ‘...’ argument
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
10 Assignments within functions
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
10 More advanced examples
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
10 Efficiency factors in block designs
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
10 Dropping all names in a printed array
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
10 Recursive numerical integration
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
10 Scope
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
10 Customizing the environment
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
10 Classes, generic functions and object orientation
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
11 Defining statistical models; formulae
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
11 Contrasts
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
11 Linear models
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
11 Generic functions for extracting model information
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
11 Analysis of variance and model comparison
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
11 ANOVA tables
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
11 Updating fitted models
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
11 Generalized linear models
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
11 Families
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
11 The glm() function
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
11 Nonlinear least squares and maximum likelihood models
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
11 Least squares
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
11 Maximum likelihood
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
11 Some non-standard models
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 High-level plotting commands
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 The plot() function
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Displaying multivariate data
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Display graphics
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Arguments to high-level plotting functions
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Low-level plotting commands
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Mathematical annotation
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Hershey vector fonts
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Interacting with graphics
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Using graphics parameters
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Permanent changes: The par() function
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Temporary changes: Arguments to graphics functions
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Graphics parameters list
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Graphical elements
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Axes and tick mark
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Figure margins
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Multiple figure environment
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Device drivers
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 PostScript diagrams for typeset documents
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Multiple graphics devices
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
12 Dynamic graphics
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
13 Standard packages
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
13 Contributed packages and CRAN
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
13 Namespaces
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
B Invoking R from the command line
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
B Invoking R under Windows
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
B Invoking R under Mac OS X
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
B Scripting with R
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
C Preliminaries
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
C Editing actions
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
C Command-line editor summary
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
A A sample session
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
D Function and variable index
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
E Concept index
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
F References
 Definition
https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/statprogram/sites/onlinecourses.science.psu.edu.statprogram/files/lesson00/R-intro.pdf
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
The ____ operator has high priority within an expression. If the vector is 1:15, then the result of 2*1:15 is equal to:
 Definition
c(2, 4, 6,..., 28, 30)
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
1:n-1 vs. 1:(n-1)
 Definition
Enter n <- 10 to see the difference between the syntax
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
How do you create a sequence from 1 to 30 in reverse order?
 Definition
the construction 30:1 will generate this sequence
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
Beginning of sequence
End of sequence
From
To
Along
 Definition
5 parameters of the seq( ) function
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
seq(1,30) is equivalent to
 Definition
1:30
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
seq(from=1, to=30) is equivalent to
 Definition
seq(1,30)
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
seq(to=30, from=1) is equivalent to
 Definition
seq(from=1, to=30)
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
seq( ), by = value
 Definition
step size of a sequence
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
seq( ), length=value
 Definition
specifies the length of the sequence
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
How do you create in s3 the vector c(-5.0, -4.8, -4.6,..., 4.6, 4.8, 5.0)?
 Definition
> seq(-5, 5, by=.2) -> s3
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
What is the meaning of the code
> s4 <- seq(length=51, from=-5, by=.2)
 Definition
generate the vector, c(-5.0, -4.8, -4.6, ..., 4.6, 4.8, 5.0) in s4
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
The fifth parameter may be named _______ which if used must be the only parameter, and creates a sequence 1, 2, ..., length(vector), or the empty sequence if the vector is empty (as it can be).
 Definition
along=vector,
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
What function is closely related to the seq( ) function?
 Definition
A related function is rep() which can be used for replicating an object in various complicated ways.
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
> s5 <- rep(x, times=5)
 Definition
this puts five copies of x end-to-end in s5
Term
2 Generating regular sequences
> s6 <- rep(x, each=5)
 Definition
repeats each element of x five times before moving on to the next
Term
5 Arrays
A _______ vector is a vector of non-negative integers. If its ______ is k then the array is k-dimensional, e.g. a matrix is a 2-dimensional array.
 Definition
dimension
length
The dimensions are indexed from one up to the values given in the dimension vector.
Term
5 Arrays
A vector can be used by R as an array only if it has a dimension vector as its _____ ________.
 Definition
dim attribute
Term
5 Arrays

> dim(z) <- c(3,5,100)
 Definition
z is a vector of 1500 elements.
The assignment, > dim(z) <- c(3,5,100),
gives it the dim attribute that allows it to be treated as a 3 by 5 by 100 array.
Term
5 Arrays
In addition to the dimensional attribute, other functions such as _______() and _____() are available for simpler and more natural looking assignments.
 Definition
matrix()
array()
Term
5 Arrays
The values in the ______ ______ give the values in the array in the same order as they would occur in _____, that is “column major order,” with the first subscript moving fastest and the last subscript slowest.
 Definition
data vector
FORTRAN
Term
5 Arrays
column major order
 Definition
array feature from FORTRAN where the first subscript moves fastest and the last subscript moves slowest.
Term
5 Arrays

a = c(3,4,2)
 Definition
there are 3 x 4 x 2 = 24 entries in a
Term
5 Arrays
For example if the dimension vector for an array, say a, is c(3,4,2) then there are 3 x 4 x 2 = 24 entries in a and the data vector holds them in the order...
 Definition
...a[1,1,1], a[2,1,1], ..., a[2,4,2], a[3,4,2].
Term
5 Arrays
T/F
Arrays can be one-dimensional.
 Definition
True
such arrays are usually treated in the same way as vectors (including when printing), but the exceptions can cause confusion
Term
R is ephemeral
 Definition
written for a single piece of data analysis
Term
1.2 Related software and documentation
formal methods and classes of the methods package are based on those described in what?
 Definition
Programming with Data by John M. Chambers
see Appendix F, page 94
Term
1.3 R and statistics
Where can you find R packages?
 Definition
There are about 25 packages supplied with R (called “standard” and “recommended” packages) and many more are available through the CRAN family of Internet sites (via http://CRAN.R-project.org)
Term
1.3 R and statistics
How is R different from other statistical systems?
 Definition
philosophy...In S a statistical analysis is normally done as a series of steps, with intermediate results being stored in objects...minimal output vs. copious output like SAS.
Term
1 R commands, case sensitivity, etc.
What type of lungs is R?
 Definition
an expression language
Term
1 R commands, case sensitivity, etc.
How must the name begin in R?
 Definition
a name must start with ‘.’ or a letter, and if it starts with ‘.’ the second character must not be a digit.
Term
1. R commands, case sensitivity, etc.
T/F
R is case sensitive.
 Definition
True just as most UNIX based packages.
Term
3 The class of an object
different style using ‘formal’ or ‘S4’ classes is provided in ______ _______.
 Definition
package methods.
Term
6 Managing the search path
The _____ _______ is a useful way to keep track of which data frames and lists (and _______) have been attached and detached.
 Definition
function search
packages
Term
> search()
[1] ".GlobalEnv" "Autoloads" "package:base"
 Definition
where .GlobalEnv is the workspace.
See the on-line help for autoload for the meaning of the second term.
Term
7 Accessing builtin datasets
How do you find the list of builtin datasets?
 Definition
data()
There are up to 100 included with R
Term
7.3 Loading data from other R packages
If a ______ has been attached by _____, its datasets are automatically included in the search.
data(package="rpart"
 Definition
package
library
Term
7 Accessing builtin datasets
All datasets supplied with R are available directly by _____.
 Definition
name
Term
8 One- and two-sample tests
package stats
 Definition
normally loaded for all "classical" tests
Term
9 Repetitive execution: for loops, repeat and while
ind is a _____
of class ______
Plot y vs. x within classes using coplot()
 Definition
vector
indicators

coplot() - produces an array of plots corresponding to each level of the factor
Term
9 Repetitive execution: for loops, repeat and while
What is the purpose of using this alternative to the coplot () function?

> xc <- split(x, ind)
> yc <- split(y, ind)
> for (i in 1:length(yc)) {
plot(xc[[i]], yc[[i]])
abline(lsfit(xc[[i]], yc[[i]]))
}
 Definition
it puts all plots on one display
Term
9 Repetitive execution: for loops, repeat and while
What does the function, split (), do?
 Definition
produces a list of vectors obtained by splitting a larger vector according to the classes specified by a factor. This is a useful function, mostly used in connection with boxplots. See the help facility for further details.
Term
9 Repetitive execution: for loops, repeat and while
xyplot
 Definition
similar to copilot ()
found in the package lattice
Term
10 Customizing the environment
T/F
A definition in later files will show definitions from earlier files.
 Definition
False, a definition in later files will mask definitions in earlier files.
Term
10 Customizing the environment
# attach a package
 Definition
an option found between
> .First <- function() {

}
and
> .Last <- function() {
}
Term
11 Least squares
> sqrt(diag(2*out$minimum/(length(y) - 2) * solve(out$hessian)))
 Definition
To obtain the approximate standard errors (SE) of the estimates we do:
The 2 in the line above represents the number of parameters. A 95% confidence interval would be the parameter estimate ± 1.96 SE.
Term
11 Some non-standard models
nlme package
 Definition
Mixed Models - provides functions lme() and nlme() for linear and non-linear mixed-effects models, that is linear and non-linear regressions in which some of the coefficients correspond to random effects. These functions make heavy use of formulae to specify the models.
Term
11 Some non-standard models
loess()
 Definition
nonparametric regression by using a locally weighted regression.
Term
11 Some non-standard models
function for highly resistant fits
 Definition
function las in the recommended package MASS provides state-of-art algorithms for highly resistant fits
Term
11 Some non-standard models
constructs a regression function from smooth additive functions of the determining variables
 Definition
Additive models
avas
ace
bruto
mars
gam
mgcv
Term
11 Some non-standard models
recursively bifurcate data
 Definition
tree models
Term
11 Some non-standard models
rpart
tree
 Definition
partition data at critical points into two groups
Term
12 Graphical procedures
'base' graphics
 Definition
must be supplemented with package grid and the package lattice which builds on grid is also recommended as a way to produce multi-panel plots like those seen in the Trellis system in S.
Term
12 Dynamic graphics
T/F
R has excellent builtin capabilities for dynamic graphics.
 Definition
False, R does not have builtin capabilities for dynamic or interactive graphics, e.e. rotating point clouds or to "brushing" (interactively highlighting) points. However, extensive dynamic graphics facilities are available in GGobi
Term
12 Dynamic graphics
1. rggobi
2. rpl
 Definition
1. the package to create dynamic graphics in R and
2. 3D plots
Term
Appendix A
> x <-rnorm(50)
> y <-rnorm(x)
> plot(x,y)
>
 Definition
generate two pseudo-random normal vectors of x- and y- coordinates then plot the points in the plane. The graphic window will appear automatically. R Graphics: Device 2(ACTIVE) works.
Term
Appendix A
> ls()
[1] "x" "y"
>
 Definition
Enter the function ls(). Let's you see that there are two objects in the R workspace, "x" and "y".
Term
Appendix A
> ls()
[1] "x" "y"
> rm(x,y)
> ls()
character(0)
>
 Definition
List of objects in the R workspace
[1]
rm(x,y) removes objects no longer needed, cleanup.
double check they're gone using ls()
Term
Appendix A
x<-1:20
 Definition
make x equal to 1 to 20
Term
Appendix A
w<-1+sqrt(x)/2
 Definition
a weight vector of standard deviations
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