Who: anglican minister; Charismatic, young, angelic, follower of John Wesley

○ What: brought wesleys message to colonies and preached sermons; spoke from memory and did

not read sermons

○ When: (1714-1770) : 1739

○ Where: colonies

○ Why/ Significance:Followers were called “New Lights”

■ Followers felt confident and strengthened

■ Told people to seek salvation

■ produced religious upheaval in the North and South

• Who: Gentry and people like Charles Chauncy; middle to upper-class; established elites; educated; creditors
• What: Conservative ministers
  Where: Boston; in the north; Eastern Seaboard Towns
• When: 1705-1787
• Historical significance:???
• Why: Liked balance and reason
• founded by taxes
• Claims passion does not equal divine communication
• Product of enlightenment; connected to great awakening
• religion should come from conversion experience
• Conflict between old lights and new lights produced splintering of churches

• Who: Ben Franklin
• What: a proposed agreement between the colonies to work together in terms of Native American relations and defense
• Where: Albany, NY
• When: 1754
• Why: To coordinate colonial defense, levy taxes, and regulate Indian affairs.
• colonists were distrustful (arguing over land )
• Rejected, but it was important because first time someone puts together idea for intercolonial cooperation
• colonists argued over land- couldn’t unite
• inspired parts of the Articles of Confederation

• Who: British (king George 3), colonists, and Native Americans
• What: Bargain, organized empires and stabilized relations, extended the line along Appalachian mountains from Massachusetts down
• Where: Line of Appalachian mountains
• When: 1763
• Why: To give Native Americans their territory back-no white settlers allowed to settle west of line, too expensive to protect colonies from indians so british said they wouldnt so dont go beyond this line

▪       Hard to regulate

▪       Created source of resentment between colonists and crown

-passed because colonists couldn't do anything about it

• Who: Radical group of colonists  
• What:  Wanted more courts, better representation, tax reform and debt relief
• Where: North Carolina
• When: 1754
• Why/Significance:
• Ended Salutary Neglect - more regulations and taxes from british, discontent from colonists because of less freedoms

• Who: British Parliament enforced direct tax on colonists; affected larger group of people than other taxes
• What: any printed material must have a stamp on it that must be paid for; Tax on printed materials (court documents, newspapers, playing cards), Stamp printed in London
• Where: London, England Stamp printing, traveled to colonies
• When: 1765 (passed in February, but went into effect in November)
• Why: For taxes, the British felt the colonies should pay for the British military's presence in the colonies after the seven year war
• Led to wanting parliamentary representation (supported by Franklin)
• politicized many who weren’t interested in politics before, affected much broader swath of Americans
• Virginia Resolves ans Stamp Act Congress set up resolutions to the Act
• Stamp Act Riots - Sons of Liberty organized small scale riots to get rid of stamps before they were placed on the paper
• repealed in 1776, one of the causes on the American Revolution

• Who: 56 representatives from each colony (except GA)
• What: Declaration of rights and resolves; set deadline to rescind intolerable acts
• Where: Philadelphia
• When: September 1774
• Why: centered on how to resolve sectional differences.
• Agree to Declaration of Rights and Resolves
• called in response to the passage of the Coercive Acts (also known as Intolerable Acts by the Colonial Americans) by the British Parliament
• boycotted British goods and threatened to seize exports to Britain which caused repeal of intolerable acts
• delegates urged colonies to set up and train its own militia
• ht, legitimacy of monarch
• Wanted to be example to the rest of the world; appealed to Calvinist heritage (new embodiment , pamphlet of Western Civilization)

Who: Thomas Paine written pamphlet, printed and sold by Robert Bell

○ What: pamphlet published at beginning of American Revolution

○ Where: published and printed in Philadelphia, sold in America and Europe

○ When: 1776

○ Why: took ideas from the enlightenment and put them in blunt lamish terms so that even the

uneducated could understand. It denied the legitimacy of the monarchy

○ it had the largest sale and circulation of any book published in American history

○ Presented American colonists with an argument for freedom from British rule when they were

undecided if they wanted such actions

• Who: Colonists and the British
• What: Colonists defeated british, british surrendered 5000 troops.
• Where:Saratoga, NY
• When: Oct 1777  battle during revolutionary war
• Why:
• important because this secured colonist alliance with france
• Secured alliance with France
• issues- disadvantage - didn’t know the land, communication in getting orders from overseas as well as supplies. Bureaucratic process.
• colonists won, proved to France that they could win so France decided to support them
• now France would help and then colonists could win

Who: Congress and states

○ What: compromise measure; Each state had equal representation;gave congress the power to

regulate foreign affairs, right to declare war, mediate boundary disputes, run post office, and control

Native American relations

Where: at second continental congress in Philadelphia

○ When: sent for ratification Nov. 1777; ratified March 1781

○ Why: Wanted one financial system

■ War proved them inadequate because of limits

■ idea of national citizenship

• Who: British vs. African Americans (Any other Colonists?)
• What: some blacks fought for the British because they were promised freedom; however, some blacks were evacuated to Nova Scotia and were not welcomed and some were transported to the west indies ; some blacks fought for America.
• Where:Colonies
• When: Nov 1775 British proclamation of freedom for all Virginia slaves who would fight on the British side
• Why:
• mixed results for blacks that fought on either side b/c they were offered freedom, land, and security(Other reasons?)
• did they get freedom?- mixed results. some did and some did not
• African Americans knew the land and provided manpower

Who: Esther DeBerdt Reed

○ What: Published essay about women’s roles during this period; called for women to be useful and

not vain

○ Where: Philadelphia

○ When: 1780

○ Why: appealed for women's war support and showed that women were the equals of men

in patriotism

■ reminder of support

■ made clothes-patriotic

■ “Offering of the Ladies”

Who: colonists and British; sent by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Henry Laurens of

the USA; David Hartley and Richard Oswald of Britain

○ What: American Independence

○ Where: Western boundary at Mississippi River

○ When: 1783

○ Why: Removed British troops promptly

■ Restored rights and property of loyalists

■ Prewar debts remained valid

■ Set boundaries

■ Gave right to fight off Newfoundland (my notes say that they had the right to fish off

Newfoundland)

■ But the pre-war debt was valid and still needed to be paid.

Who: George Washington and Congress

○ What: States would enter union for political footing, organized territory with regards to new

admission of states, when reached a certain population they would become a state

○ Where: ??? signed in the colonies, involved territories from lands south of the Great Lakes, north

and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River.

○ When: 1787

○ Why: Income from land sales

○ states would enter union on equal footing

○ Departure from royal policy

○ new states would be formed, existing states would not expand

○ slavery was prohibited in the area which made the area more attractive to white farmers

• Who: Daniel Shays, soldiers of the American Revolutionary War, colonists in debt, farmers
• What: an armed uprising against the courts
• Where: Massachusetts
• When: 1786-1787
• Why:
• Showed that costs of war were not shared equally
• Provided urgency that new national constitution was needed
• reform of the Articles of Confederacy seen as necessary
• influenced the constitution
• Debtors wanted “stay laws”
• Protesters closed courts in western Mass.
• Cause by increased taxes to pay off war debt

Who: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison; published by “Publius”

○ What: series of essays that described a coherent vision for America's future and American

government

○ Where: published in New York

○ When: 1787-1788

○ Why: Power = guarantor of liberty (against demagogues) and promoted the ratification of the US

constitution

Who: leader of the Federalist party

○ What: Fin. Program, first secretary of the treasury 1789 to 1795, founding father of USA,

established minted currency

○ Where: came from West Indies, wasn’t loyal to a certain region which gave him a nationalistic view,

served in military in New York and attended college there, spent most important time of life in the

USA

○ When: 1755-1804

○ Why: authored economic policies under George Washington, wrote numerous federalist papers

which were important for interpreting the constitution

Who: James Madison, proposed by congress, ratified by 3/4 of the states

○ What: first ten amendments to US Constitution

○ Where: national archives in Washington, D.C.

○ When: proposed 1789 and took effect 1791

○ Why: These limitations serve to protect the natural rights of liberty and property

plays a key role in American law and government, and remains a vital symbol of the freedoms and

culture of the nation

Who: Federalist Party led by alexander hamilton and democratic Republican Party founded by

thomas jefferson and james madison

○ What: model of American politics used by political scientists and historians to periodize the

political party system existing in the United States between roughly 1792 and 1824. It featured two

national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist

Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Democratic-Republican Party formed by

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

○ Where: USA

○ When: 1792 to 1824

○ Why: platform for American politics that allowed competition for presidency and unification of

members of the USA

○ involves national politics and eventually expanded to the states influence their elections as politics

became monopolized by the two parties

• Who: four bills passed by the federalist and signed into law by John Adams
• What:  bills in aftermath of the French Revolution and during an undeclared naval war with France
• Where: Philadelphia, PA
• When: 1798-1801
• Why:  president is able to deport, imprison, and refuse citizenship to and entry into the USA in regards to foreigners, enabled foreigners to depart with or leave their belongings and still own them, called to all foreign ships to declare foreigners upon arrival-DURING War time.
• victims of the sedition act were pardoned in 1800 by Thomas Jefferson
• allowed the imprisonment of anyone who opposed the government but entitled them to defend themselves in jury trial
• act continued until 1801

*Naturalization  act= raised requirements to become a citizen (She went over this when talking about the Alien and Sedition Acts)   

Who: Thomas Jefferson and James Madison ; State Legislature Of Kentucky and Virginia

○ What: political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia

legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional

○ Where: USA

○ When:1798-1799

○ Why: the resolutions opposed the federal government as their authors argued the constitution to be

an agreement among the states

○ this meant that the federal government should not have the right to exercise such powers, however

they were not approved by other states

○ eventually result in other states challenging federal government laws in the future

○ States have the ablity to interpret the constitution.