Term
| What are the four classes of hormones? |
|
Definition
1) steroids
2) monoamines
3) peptides or proteins
4) lipids-based hormones |
|
|
Term
| What did the study that measured testosterone levels in saliva samples of 4 couples suggest about testosterone concentrations in relation to sexual activity? |
|
Definition
| High testosterone does not correlate to sexual activity |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of cell communication biological responses? |
|
Definition
intracellular: within the cell
intercellular: in the cell, but information leaves the cell
paracrine: between adjacent cells
endocrine: between different cells, far apart
ectocrine: between different organisms |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of brain imaging techniques? |
|
Definition
PET: uses radioactively labeled molecules that resemble glucose to track specific areas of brain activity
CT:
MRI:
fMRI: |
|
|
Term
| What are the conclusions reached by Berthold's experiment? |
|
Definition
1. re-implanted or transplanted testes induce normal male behavior and growth
2. testes transplanted to a different location can function normally too
3. testes are not connected to nerves? |
|
|
Term
| What are the levels of analysis and how would they explain the zebra finch song? |
|
Definition
immediate causation: hormone fluctuations cause behavior, so the male finch sings when he builds up testosterone
developmental: learnt behavior, the finch learned from his father
evolutionary: it is an evolutionary trait, he sings because his ancestors did
adaptive function: he sings because it helps him get females |
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|
Term
| What is produced in the posterior pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does castration in human males have an effect on appearance or sexual behavior? |
|
Definition
| when performed before puberty |
|
|
Term
| Where are the receptors found for steroid hormones? Protein hormones? |
|
Definition
Steroids: inside
proteins: cell surface |
|
|
Term
| What is the process of becoming male or female? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What suggests that intrauterine endocrine environment influences sexually dimorphic behaviors of adults? |
|
Definition
| Female mice with male neighbors in utero are more aggressive than female mice that have no males as neighbors |
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of sex |
|
Definition
1) chromosomal
2) gonadal
3) hormonal
4) morphological
5) behavioral |
|
|
Term
| What causes the masculinization of the mammilian brain? |
|
Definition
| aromitization of testosterone into estradiol |
|
|
Term
| What makes a particular tissue a target tissue for hormones? |
|
Definition
| If it has specific hormone receptors |
|
|
Term
| What are the organizational effects of hormones? |
|
Definition
| They are primarily exerted during prenatal or early postnatal development |
|
|
Term
| What kind of example is primate yawning during sex? |
|
Definition
| It is sexually dimorphic behavior that is activated, not organized |
|
|
Term
| What is the sum of culturally-based behavior patterns that are specific to one sex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of the brain show that hormones may influence brain structure and contribute to sex differences in behavior? |
|
Definition
| The corpus callosum, preoptic area of hypothalamus, and planum temporale |
|
|
Term
| When do women perform better on spatial ability tests? |
|
Definition
| When their estrogen is low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A male that looks female so he mates under the radar of the alpha male |
|
|
Term
| What is the preoptic area (POA) necessary for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What controls erections in the human male penis? |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What are the two phases of male reproductive behaviors? |
|
Definition
| appetitive and consummatory |
|
|
Term
| Which hormones reinstate sexual behavior in the male rat following castration? |
|
Definition
| testosterone and estradiol |
|
|
Term
| What attributes to the post ovulatory rise in progesterone levels? |
|
Definition
| positive feedback from the pituitary and corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of female behavior? |
|
Definition
1) female attractiveness
2) proceptivity
3)receptivity |
|
|
Term
| Where does fertilization take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human female ovulation causes a surge in which hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is locomotor activity the greatest in females? |
|
Definition
| When estrogen is the highest |
|
|
Term
| What are precocial young? |
|
Definition
| animals that can pretty much take care of themselves from birth, like deer |
|
|
Term
| What are altricial young? |
|
Definition
| Young that are very dependent on their mother's care, like puppies |
|
|
Term
| WHat hormones rescues the corpus luteum from regression during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
| High progesterone concentrations |
|
|
Term
| After how long with nulliparous female rats exhibit maternal behavior is exposed to rat pups? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do rat mothers slowly stop nursing their pups? |
|
Definition
| She stops since they can thermoregulate on their own and she doesn't want to get overheated |
|
|
Term
| What is testosterone's role in aggression? |
|
Definition
| It is both organized and activated |
|
|
Term
| What kind of relationship do most psychological rating scales show between androgen concentrations and aggression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which peptides are important in mediating pair bonding in prairie voles? |
|
Definition
| Oxytocin and vasopression |
|
|
Term
| What are affiliative behaviors related to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It facilitates social bonding |
|
|
Term
| What is an infradian rhythm? |
|
Definition
| A rhythm that is more than 24 hours |
|
|
Term
| Which region of the mammilian brain is the master clock that organizes all circadian rhythms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the list of biological rhythms in order from most to least frequent? |
|
Definition
| Ultradian, circadian, infradian, circannual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to use day length to time annual cycles |
|
|
Term
| Where is serotonin converted to melatonin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the order in which the HPA axis stress hormones are released? |
|
Definition
| CRH, ACTH, glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| What did Hans Selye's experiments indicate? |
|
Definition
| That rats develop ulcers in response to a variety of stressors |
|
|
Term
| In baboons, who does the long term stress response effect? |
|
Definition
| dominant and subordinate individuals |
|
|
Term
| During the initial phase of parachute training in men, what happens to the testosterone concentrations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does stress enhance drug use? |
|
Definition
| Cortisol accentuate the effects of dopamine to increase the rewarding properties of drugs |
|
|
Term
| What is operant conditioning? |
|
Definition
| When behavior has consequences, like when the mice were shocked when they went into the dark room |
|
|
Term
| What is classical conditioning? |
|
Definition
| A reflexive response, like Jim and Dwight on the Office |
|
|
Term
| What is appetitive conditioning? |
|
Definition
| When you give food as rewards, like when you give a mouse a cookie |
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