Who: England had the Tudors and Spain had Ferdinand and Isabella
○ What: New Monarchs came to Power
○ When: 15th century 1400s
○ Where: Europe
○ Why / Significance:
■ Created National Courts, Armies, and Taxes.
■ Came to power by violence--> Violent and Despotic. But more of a stable life after they
were in power.
■ English able to venture out beyond their own and find new lands
■ Supercede feudal nobles

Who: Johann Gutenberg

○ What: First European to use Moveable Type Printing

○ When: 1440s

○ Where: Europe

○ Why / Significance:

■ The emergence of printing, Started printing revolution → Modern Period

■ renaissance rekindled on technical knowledge

■ Printed Gutenberg Bible

■ led to expansion because printable books about the new world would spread, they could

publish information about their findings.

Who: Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)

○ What: Discovered the New World while trying to sail westward towards Asia.

○ When: 1492

○ Where: Discovered America with support of Spain. He was from Italy

○ Why / Significance:

■ Wanted to sail westward to India and Asia.Trying to find Asia, but instead landed in the

Bahamas (San Salvador). He thought it was Asia. Made a total of 4 trips. Looking for

Riches and hoping to carry Christianity around the world, but never found the riches.

■ His sponsors for his voyage were Ferdinand and Isabella

■ Success made Europeans want to do the same thing.

■ One of the outcomes is Portugal and Spain almost went to war over the land

Who: Two different groups of English Merchants

○ What: Whoever had the first successful settlement would get the land --> The first successful

settlement = Jamestown - London WON

○ When: April 1607

○ Where: Jamestown VA

○ Why / Significance:

● Virginia Company of Plymouth (Modern Maine to Potomac River in VA)

● Virginia Company of London (NC to Hudson River)

● London won and got the larger grant

● Significant role in the early colonization of America --> Allowed, sponsored, and supplied

another beginning of a colony in North America.

Who: settlers of Massachusetts Bay Colony

○ What: written document; if we as a community live according to God’s will, he will reward us and

bless us with fortune

○ When: 1630

○ Where: Massachusetts Bay Colony

○ Why / Significance:

■ underlines difference between southern individualism and communities of the north

■ unified the colony

• Who: NY, PA, DE, NJ settlers
• What: All settled for different reasons - heterogeneous population, ethnically, religiously
• When: 1650s to 1700s
• Where: NY, PA, DE, NJ
• Why / Significance:
• various colonists learned to tolerate differences, often conflicts, gave rise to many prejudices
• came to characterize the early republic
• very diverse population (ethnic, religious) cultural diversity became a major influence of institution development  
• heterogeneous population settlers were very different so they were promoting immigration but then they were running out of resources. (melting pot) that lead to a democracy for tolerance: laid foundation for US

○ Who: Brazil, Caribbean, Portugal

○ What: demand increased after its discovery, became a huge demand for the new sweetener

○ When: Brazil after 1550 and West Indies after 1650

○ Where: Atlantic islands off of Africa

○ Why / Significance:

■ Led to a huge demand for slaves and massive profits of sugar drove the slave trade.

■ Brought wealth to British economy & led to navigation acts

■ Brought to New World by Portugal

■ Sugar and tobacco = ½ of British exports

○ Who: Led by Nathaniel Bacon

○ What: war between Native Americans and white settlers

○ When: 1675-1676

○ Where: Jamestown, Virginia

○ Why / Significance

■ English settlers attacked the Indians to seize land.

■ made conflicts and bad relations with indians

■ The indian lost their land and if they chose to stay they lived in poverty dependent on the

settlers and if not then they were pushed west.

■ Bacon became the leader of the new frontier, he gathered slaves and attacked the

indians and Berkley (corrupt governor at the time) said he was wild and crazy, they took

jamestown forcing Berkley to flee.

■ interracial revolt frightened the gentry which led them to increased race based slavery

Who: French and Dutch traders and the Huron and the Iroquois

○ What: Iroquois wanted to expand territory and monopolize fur trade

○ When: 1640s and 1680s

○ Where: Great Lakes region

○ Why / Significance:

■ Hurons were ultimately destroyed

■ Hurons and Iroquois over hunted in each others’ territories, so their hunting grounds

overlapped

■ French didn’t want the English to have a strong presence in New York area so the French

attacked the Iroquois to stop trading. The French’s attack was not successful.

■ Iroquois became successful by not siding with one group over another but be on both

sides so that way they could play the imperial powers against each other

Who: Puritans, Wampanoags, and Nipmucs

○ What: war over land

○ When: 1675-76

○ Where: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maine

○ Why / Significance:

■ Triggered by execution of 3 Wampanoags for murdering a Christian Indian

■ King Philip's father creates relationship with the Puritans and they are friends for 40 years.

They say that if the Indians want to live among them then they must convert and they

create praying towns. Philip takes over and over time he grows angry and does not trust

the Puritans. The Indians are no longer being treated as equals but as lesser people in

their own land. Philip is angry and gathers other tribes to attack the English with him.

The demand for land was the main cause for the war. 3 indians are killed for murdering a

christian indian. Philip believes that should be handled among his own people and not by

the Puritans.

■ Deeper cause: frustrations with land-hungry settlers

■ Ultimately weakened Native American morale where many Indians died from the war and

were sold into slavery. The indians were hurt and lost their independence

Who: English/Colonial merchants

○ What: Colonies would produce raw materials and send them to England to make house hold goods

and etc (finished products ex. send cotton to England for clothes to be made and sold)

■ mercantilism is the idea that exports must exceed imports

○ When: 16th -18th centuries

○ Where: dominant in Europe / New World

○ Why / Significance:

■ put England on top because raw materials would come to them so that they could sell

(stuff) back to the colonies and Europe. Gave them more money....

■ the government must control all economic activities

■ the colonies were to produce raw materials and crops that they could make into finished

goods in England and then sell to Europe

■ the thought that the total of worlds wealth remains fixed but the nations share in that

wealth can change

■ the idea that english or colonial merchants were to control all trade in and out

■ English wanted to cut out the Dutch

• Who: Parliament and Crown
• What: set of laws on any exports and imports
• When: 1651-1663
• Where: excluded Dutch merchants, mainly between colonies and England where the exports had to pass through
• Why / Significance:
• Excluded Dutch merchants from the colonies (located in NJ)
• all imports had to be carried by English/colonial ships
• any exports from America had to be sent to England first so England was able to tax virtually everything
• this allowed the crown to make money and tax those goods
• Example: Plantation Duty Act of 1673 (set taxes on sugar and tobacco)
• colonist still traded with dutch merchants--one of the first signs of resentment and rebellion towards the crown.

Who: small family farms

○ What: Puritan goal of achieving comfort, security, and a certain level of wealth

○ When: 1700s and onward? early to mid general range of time in 1700s

○ Where: colonies

○ Why / Significance:

■ farms became so divided and subdivided that it was hard for the large families to have

small land so the decision was to have smaller families, pursue western lands, attempting

new crops, and developing a barter system

■ goal was for competency-- certain level of comfort and wealth and security

■ AKA Yeoman Ideal- to create a society of freeholders which led to problems

■ the population doubled with each generation and the families were having so many kids

that it was hard to provide land for each and every one of them

Who: political party

○ What: one must balance the power of the monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy

○ When: Emerged in 17th century between battles of Parliament and the crown

○ Where: England

○ Why / Significance:

■ Believed in the balance of power and property-holding requirements to vote

■ put forth the idea of a healthy society to protect the liberty of the citizens and must balance

power.

■ Vigilant public - citizens had to watch for infringement on liberties

■ There was a mob voice- which meant that the legislature is responsive to what the people

want

■ Elected legislatures (check executive power)

● Prohibition of standing armies

• Who: Isaac newton, Nicholas Copernicus,Ben Franklin
• What: different way of thinking, broke away from tradition. Product of the enlightenment’s violence. King doesnt have a “divine right”.(Everyone equal)
• When:
• Where:
• Why/Significance:what influence did it have?????
• - influence is shown in Declaration of Independence( all men created equal)

Who: written by John Locke

○ What: piece written during the enlightenment period of england, new way of thinking

○ When: 1690

○ Where: england

○ Why / Significance:

■ enlightenment

■ tabula rasa

● humans are born with a blank slate and learn from their environment

● aren’t born with original sin

■ everyone under God is created equal- no divine right of kings

■ Who we become emerges from our interactions with society

Who: emerged from John Locke

○ What: religious ideal??- God’s plan in nature, “watchmaker God”

○ the belief that reason and observation of the natural world are sufficient to determine

the existence of God, accompanied with the rejection of revelation and authority as a source of

religious knowledge

○ When: during the enlightenment period (17th century)

○ Where: europe and the colonies

○ Why/ Significance:

■ God’s plan in nature made by science and reason

■ Watchmaker God

● God created the world and then stepped back and let this Natural Laws govern

his creation

■ Deists mostly agreed with Christian morals due to rationale.

■ *Ben Franklin was a Deist

• Who: slavery was identified as black skin
• What: set of laws to regulate activities between slaves and whites
• When: 1705
• Where: Virginia
• Why / Significance:
• enforced that slavery was lifelong and inherited
• interracial marriage was forbidden
• liberties you got were now defined by race
• these deprived african americans and all blacks of their basic civil rights