Term
| How can your knowledge of the tools used most commonly to manage wildlife also be used to manage outdoor recreation at a private resort? |
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Definition
Laws: Flexible, based on biological facts
Predator control: Prey control the predator
Refuges: SWR and Greylodge
Stocking: creating wildlife that didn't already exist. Releasing animals that didn't exist in an area like: pheasant, fish, etc.
Transplanting:
Introduction of exotic species: displacement of native species can have a negative effect on the existing habitat.
Harvest (hunting, fishing, and trapping): Take small percentage of harvest or no harvest if it's not a good year.
Habitat management: Clean beaches
Public education: |
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Term
| Most exotic species fail T/F? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sometimes deer are killed to lower the population below the carrying capacity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of quail die naturally each year? |
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Definition
75%
hunters kill another 10-15% |
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Term
| At recreation settings,why should law enforcement programs be "...the minimum necessary for the circumstances"? |
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Definition
| You want balance. You're not going to just arrest someone right off the bat. |
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Term
| Three levels of law enforcement: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| = the illegal taking of fish and wildlife (ex., taking animals out of season, taking more animals than the law allows, or the killing of protected wildlife) |
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Term
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Definition
| = hunting, pursuing, catching, capturing, or killing, or attempting to hunt, pursue, catch, capture, or kill (Calif. Fish and Game Code) |
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Term
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Definition
| = anyone doing a wildlife/fish action illegally |
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Term
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Definition
| = person doing an illegal wildlife/fish act with the intent to violate the law |
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Term
| How does a violator differ from a poacher? |
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Definition
| A poacher violates a fish/wildlife act w/intent to break the law. |
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Term
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Definition
| = a person who kills wild animals illegally for money |
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Term
| Why should a citizen care about poaching? |
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Definition
People poaching affect the rights of others.
Poachers kill a lot of animals
Only 2-3% of poachers are detected
Wildlife can't defend itself (fair play) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ego, defiance, opportunism, subsistence, profit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ego, defiance, opportunism, subsistence, profit, rationalization. |
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Term
| Why has poaching for bear parts increased in Northern CA? |
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Definition
| Not enough wardens (CALTIP) |
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Term
| Are most houndsmen involved in illegal hunting,purchasing, and selling of wild bear parts (paws, gall bladders, etc)? |
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Definition
| Yes, 100% are involved or knew about it. |
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Term
| Why do some people buy bar gall bladders (what will they use them for)? |
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Definition
| Aphrodisiacs and medicinal values (cultural) |
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Term
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Definition
| People who hunt bears with dogs |
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Term
| Who is the Typical" poacher in the Chico area (if there is atypical poacher)? |
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Definition
poaching runs in families (it's a culture/subculture phenomenon)
poachers tend to...
...be from smaller cities (i.e., "ruralites")
...be drug users
...be younger people (high school-aged through early 20s)
...lower education
...poorer
...lower class
...past law violators |
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Term
| How and when do people poach? |
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Definition
Most poachers are excellent marksmen (killing prey with a single shot)
Most poachers are bold, working in daylight hours |
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Term
| What methods/tools/techniques are used by wardens for reducing the poaching problem (and which ones are most effective)? |
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Definition
Wardens are on call 24 hours a day.
"Being a warden isn't a job, it's a lifestyle." (Will Bishop, local warden)
Wardens need to be internally motivated---"you can't train this into someone."
"If I was wealthy, I'd use the money to figure out better ways to catch poachers." (local warden)
"Nothing could pull a good warden off a hot trail."
Wardens are unionized: they must be paid overtime to work more than 40 hours per week
Game wardens once had the highest divorce rate of any law enforcement people
A game warden job is considered one of the most dangerous jobs because wardens pursue armed people in remote areas (where backup support may be a long ways away) |
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Term
| What is the wardens jurisdiction? |
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Definition
A warden's jurisdiction is equal to a deputy sheriff or city cop (wardens get the same training)
Wardens have statewide jurisdiction except on federal lands (wardens don't work in national parks---federal agencies have their own law enforcement force) |
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Term
| What are the warden's responsibilities? |
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Definition
law enforcement
habitat protection, such as pollution control (can be 40-50% of the job)
hunter safety
conservation education/public relations
care of injured wildlife |
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Term
| How do wardens catch poachers? |
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Definition
Wardens use stealth (ex., night surveillance by airplane and starlite scopes)
Wardens need a "predator mentality"
Wardens work more out of uniform than in uniform
Wardens give tickets, not warnings (since there are few wardens, an example must be set) in order to get "prevention by fear"
Wardens don't shoot warning shots
Wardens catch 10% of poachers in the act and 90% after an investigation
Wardens may use special devices such as starlight scopes (they are a device developed by the military that lets the warden see better at night) robodeer (a taxidermied deer that can be placed on the side of a road to simulate a live deer because its head can be moved via remote control) |
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Term
| Legalities for the warden: |
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Definition
Wardens can do "routine, unannounced patrol" anywhere on public or private land where fish and wildlife would be expected to live (this is called the "open fields doctrine"); "probable cause" isn't required under such circumstances.
If the warden can see into a site and see something that looks suspicious, he now has probable cause and can enter the property
A warden can't destroy property while entering a site unless a violation is in progress
Wardens need prima facie evidence to make an arrest (actual evidence...evidence that is immediately apparent)
Wardens can seize a poacher's gun but usually not their vehicle
Wildlife laws are primarily "criminal" in statute, which means that courts are involved (this should make the situation less political) whereas most pollution laws, for example, are "administrative," which means that boards get involved (this often makes the situation politically oriented because boards can be manipulated/slanted)
Wardens pretty much have to be in court for pesticide problems to get a conviction, otherwise the DA's office will throw the case out |
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Term
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Definition
| about 2.5% (1 in 40 kills) |
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Term
| What are the major factors that constrain wardens from catching poachers (lack of equipment, poor training, etc.)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two major differences that exist between people who wardens encounter as compared to the people who other law enforcement officers (such as city cops) encounter? |
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Definition
Unlike the people that other law enforcement officers such as city cops encounter, the vast majority of people that wardens encounter are armed.
In addition, they tend to be in remote locations that are located far away from "backup" officers. |
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Term
| Are more deer taken by hunters or motorists? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are more deer taken by hunters or motorists? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are more deer taken by hunters or poachers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are secret witness programs very effective (do they tend to have low or hi conviction rates)? |
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Definition
One approach for dealing with the poaching problem is "secret witness" programs. They can be very effective for turning in poachers.
In New Mexico's Operation Game Thief in 1981, 397 citations were issued with an accompanying conviction rate of 99 percent! |
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Term
| Have most Californians observed a fish and game law violation during their lifetime? |
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Definition
Yes
A 1988 survey of 2,525 households in California revealed interesting results.
About 1/3 of respondents (31.1%) reported that they had personally observed someone violate a fish and wildlife law.
Of respondents who reported they had observed fish and wildlife violations, only 17.4% had reported the violation to law enforcement authorities. |
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Term
| To whom are Californians most/least likely to report violations of wildlife law? |
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Definition
Observers of violations were most likely to report the incident as follows:
To a park ranger 35.0%
To the California Department of Fish and Game 26.2%
To the local sheriff 10.0%
To the local game warden 6.3%
To the local police 6.3%
To CalTIP (Californians Turn in Poachers) 2.5% |
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Term
| Why don't Californians tend to report wildlife law violations that they have observed? |
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Definition
The main reason that respondents who had observed a violation hadn't reported it was that they "didn't know where or how to report it" (22.4%).
Over 85 percent of Californians thought that fish and game law violations were either serious or somewhat serious.
Only 10.1% of respondents thought that such violations were not serious:
Perceived seriousness of Fish and Game Violations:
Very serious 47.2%
Somewhat of a problem 39.6%
Not very serious 10.1%
Don't know 2.9%
Only 14.5% of respondents thought that present wildlife enforcement activities were very effective:
Opinions concerning effectiveness of DFG law enforcement
Very effective 14.5%
Somewhat effective 57.3%
Somewhat ineffective 14.9%
Very ineffective 3.7%
Don't know 9.4% |
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Term
| Do most Californians feel that people who violate state fish and wildlife laws are apprehended? |
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Definition
The majority of respondents (56.8%) thought that people who violate state fish and wildlife laws are hardly ever apprehended:
Perceived frequency of apprehension of violators
Almost always .9%
Often 4.2%
Sometimes 35.4%
Hardly ever 56.8%
Don't know 2.6% |
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Term
| Which wildlife law enforcement method is perceived to be most effective in reducing fish and wildlife law violations by Californians? |
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Definition
When asked about the effectiveness of various approaches for reducing fish and wildlife law violations, more than two-thirds (69.2%) of respondents felt that more patrolling by game wardens would be very effective:
Perceived effectiveness of selected enforcement methods Increase warden patrol 69.2%
Make public reporting easier 62.2%
Impose heavy fines 61.3%
Increase undercover enforcement 60.8%
Impose jail sentence 59.0%
Increase public education 33.6% |
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Term
| What can be done to reduce poaching? |
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Definition
Hire more wardens (the problem isn't with existing wardens who are well trained and motivated to do their job; we simply need more wardens in the field)
Let existing wardens work overtime (and get paid for it)
Designate specialized wardens who just deal with poaching (as is, environmental protection and other duties often take wardens away from poaching investigations)
Get better equipment for wardens
Educate the public so they'll report violations
Promote secret witness programs (ex., CALTIP-Californians Turn-In Poachers)
"Secret witness" programs like CalTIP are very effective because they tend to have high conviction rates. |
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Term
| How does a person report a wildlife law violation via CALTIP? |
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Definition
A person witnessing a wildlife law violation or pollution incident calls the toll free CalTIP number (1-888-DFG-CALTIP or 1-800-952-5400 toll-free, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week)
The caller gives the fullest possible account of the incident (name, address, age and description of the suspect, vehicle description, direction of travel, license number, type of violation, when and where violation occurred, etc.)
The caller gets assigned a code number (the caller may remain anonymous)
The information is relayed to the DFG region where the offense occurred and an investigation ensues
The caller calls in periodically to check the status of the case
If the information results in an arrest (it doesn't have to result in a conviction), the CalTIP Citizens Review Board determines the amount of the reward (reward funds come entirely from tax-deductible contributions; no tax monies are involved)
The caller uses the code number to collect the reward (the caller specifies how and where the reward should be paid) |
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Term
| Some problems with CALTIP: |
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Definition
People can give bad leads (e.g., no legal violation actually occurred)
People can give inadequate descriptions of the site, location, poacher, evidence, etc.
There can be delays in getting the message to the warden |
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Term
| Identification Principle: |
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Definition
| People must see how the issue directly affects themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| People need a way for either themselves or the responsible agency to take action on the issue or they'll shrug off the appeal |
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Term
| Principle of familiarity and trust: |
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Definition
| People must trust the source to adopt the message |
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Term
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Definition
| People must clearly understand the situation to get involved |
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Term
| What are the 3 phases of the total involvement process? |
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Definition
Phase 1. Identification and enumeration of the issue
Managers must identify and prioritize issues where public involvement is important
Managers must educate the public
Phase 2. Formulation of public opinion
Users form individual and group opinions
Phase 3. Integration of public input into decision making
Managers obtain public input
Public hearings
Public workshops
Solicitation (of written comments to a prepared statement)
Surveys
Advisory committees
Continual contacts
Expert opinion
Managers evaluate public input and integrate it into the decision process |
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Term
| How does California rank compared to other states in wildlife recreation participation for wildlife watching,fishing, and hunting? |
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Definition
Wildlife watching (#1)
Fishing (#2)
Hunting (#22) |
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Term
| Which specific wildlife recreation activities do Californians like to participate in the most? the least? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| = a wildlife recreationist whose wildlife activities are done with the intent of consuming all or a part of an animal (ex., the person only participates in hunting, fishing, trapping, and/or seashell collecting) |
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Term
| Pure non-consumptive user: |
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Definition
| = a wildlife recreationists whose wildlife activities are done without the intent of consuming all or a part of an animal (ex., the person participates in birdwatching, attracting birds to their home, visiting natural areas to observe wildlife, visiting zoos or nature centers to see wildlife, painting wildlife, and/or photographing wildlife) |
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Term
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Definition
| a wildlife recreationists whose is involved in both consumptive and nonconsumptive wildlife recreation activities (ex., the person enjoys fishing and birdwatching) |
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Term
| What is the rank ordering of wildlife recreation use patterns for Californians with respect to consumptive, non-consumptive, mixed, and non use? Do most Californians who participate in non consumptive wildlife recreation activities also participate in consumptive wildlife recreation activities? Are non-consumptive users the primary users of wildlife? If so, what percentage of Californians are non-consumptive users? |
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Definition
When you combine the "pure nonconsumptive users" (48.6%) with the "mixed users" (32.5%), you discover that 81.1% of Californians partake in nonconsumptive wildlife recreation activities.
there are very few "pure consumptive users" since they only represented 2.9% of the survey sample.
about 16.1% of Californians indicated that they didn't participate in any wildlife-related recreation activities. |
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Term
| Do studies show that animal welfare group members (fund for animals) and deer hunters think that wildlife is valuable for the same reasons? If so, what are those shared values? |
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Definition
1) They are part of the ecological balance
2) People enjoy viewing wildlife
3) People enjoy just knowing they exist. |
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Term
| What are the 6 categories of impact that recreationists can have on wildlife according to the article by Pomerantz et al? |
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Definition
Direct mortality (ex., a wildlife photographer accidentally runs over a pheasant en route to a wildlife refuge)
Indirect mortality (ex., snowmobilers chase a deer and it dies later that day because it used up its energy reserves running from the snowmobiles)
Lowered productivity (ex., birds don't mate as frequently as they would normally or don't tend to their young as well as they would normally because birders are approaching the nests too closely)
Reduced use of the site (ex., the presence of picnickers prevents rabbits from using an area)
Reduced use of preferred habitat on the site (ex., the presence of hikers walking through prime habitat causes wildlife to move elsewhere at a refuge where habitat isn't as good)
Stress (ex., the presence of mountain bikers freaks out some lizards so they don't go about their normal business of eating bugs) |
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Term
| Does Weeden believe there is such a thing as a "nonconsumptive" user of wildlife? |
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Definition
| "No." Weeden points out that we all consume wildlife, whether directly or indirectly (ex., by living in a home where the property was once habitat for wild animals). |
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Term
| Duffie noted that a new type of birder is emerging. What did he mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if a life lister touches a bird they had never observed before? |
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Definition
| They can't add it to their list. |
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Term
| The National Audubon Society suggests a code of ethics for birdwatching. What 4 rules do they suggest be followed by birders? |
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Definition
Avoid use of taped bird songs
Observe birds from a sufficient distance
When photographing birds, do not use flash and never damage foliage in the vicinity of nests
Respect private property and obey posted signs |
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Term
| Do most Californians support the idea of maintaining wildlife populations if doing so means that prices will be higher for consumers? |
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Definition
| DFG study reported that 86.1% of Californians supported the idea of maintaining wildlife populations even if doing so meant that prices would be higher for consumers. |
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Term
| Where does most funding for the California DFW wildlife management program come from? |
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Definition
59% from hunting, fishing, and trapping licenses and fines
20% from federal funds (Pitman-Robertson and Dingell-Johnson Acts)
21% from state sources |
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Term
| What types of new wildlife funding sources (entrance fees, taxes on OR equip, etc) do Californians like the most? The least? |
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Definition
86.2% approved of a $15 annual conservation pass to give access to state fish and wildlife areas without paying entrance fees each time
84.3% approved of a $2 entrance fee to state fish and wildlife areas
83.6% approved of a $2 additional registration fee for boats and off-road vehicles
59.3% approved of a $1 additional charge on each motor vehicle registration fee
37.0% approved of a special tax on the sale of backpacking, camping, and other outdoor sporting equipment |
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Term
| Are sales of hunting and fishing licenses in CA increasing or decreasing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is meant by compensatory equity? |
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Definition
| Those who play should pay. |
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Term
| Are most species of wildlife in California classified as game or nongame? |
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Definition
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