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Definition
| a concept that refers to exchange of traits between cultures (see p. 26) or Europeanization of native peoples. |
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Definition
| 1913-1948 – 30 out of 40 states had laws that criminalized interracial marriages and sex. Consequences: children were classified as mulattos and sold into slavery, white women could be stripped of their American citizenship, the couple was subject to arrest, etc. For instance, after Mr. Brayboy married a white woman named Lily in North Carolina, the couple had to move to South Carolina because NC’s anti-miscegenation laws would have resulted in their arrest. In 1967, such laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. |
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Term
| BIA- Bureau of Indian Affairs |
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Definition
| federal agency within the US Department of the Interior responsible for the administration and management of 55,700,000 acres of land held in trust by the United States for Native Americans. They are also responsible for setting the formal criteria for Native American tribes to be formally recognized. |
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| Used to determine an aspect of the culture surrounding the Pee Dees. With the book, they found that daughters of families did indeed marry within their culture, that is other Pee Dees. This was found by examining wills and matching surnames. Common surnames are: Oxendine, Locklear, Hunt, Chavis, Grooms, Bullard, etc. |
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| concept used to describe the Pee Dee Indians’ shifting identities within the rigid racial system they live within; living between the shifting borders of “White” and “Black”. |
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| concept coined by Gloria Anzaldua to describe an area of overlap between two things (e.g. Blacks and Whites); a transitional zone within which fixed meanings are in process of deconstruction and rearticulation, and where hybrid cultural inventions and reinventions, as well as identities like those of the Pee Dees, are in process. |
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| The Indian school that most Pee Dees desired to attend if they were classified as “too dark” and had to attend the black school. Mr. Brayboy ran the school single-handed, driving a 80 mile bus route every day to pick up the students from the fields where their parents worked as sharecroppers. He emphasized Indian identity and taught the kids about their heritage. |
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Definition
| ): common ethnographic method consisting of intensive analysis of an individual or community, in this case the Pee Dees. |
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| federally-recognized tribe of South Carolina; the chief attended council meetings with the Pee Dees and other non-recognized tribes in the state to discuss strategies for gaining recognition. |
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| The Cherokee Nation (film) Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and East Tennessee). |
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Definition
| ): a box containing deer meat given to impoverished members of the Pee Dee tribe from the hunting club. Example of a redistributive economy. |
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Definition
| a concept describing an ambiguous, problematic and fragmented reality that is the product of strategic practice and is struggled over. |
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Definition
| practices such as raising hogs, traditional medicine, quilt-making, women’s clubs or hunting clubs, and cultural practices in burials that serve as evidence that the culture exists. |
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Definition
| how the display of generic Indian culture is viewed by white people, e.g. the Pee Dees dressing as stereotypical Indians. |
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Definition
| A theory created by the Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci, in which one social class can dominate a culturally diverse society. In this chapter this is one of the historical forces that led to the invisibility of the Indian identity. The white social class was the ruler over the Native American society historically and this has become the social “norm” in some areas of today’s society. |
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Definition
| concept describing a tradition that can be traced throughout a culture. An example of a cultural trace is the surname Chavis inscribed in many gravemarkers and the simple homemade slab of clay with inscriptions arranged out of multicolored glass marbles that can be seen on many of the gravemarkers of a particular tribe. |
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Definition
| Box of Treasures (film) – concept describing the loss or abandonment of culture or cultural characteristics of a people, society, etc. Example, the Kwakiutl were not allowed to speak their native language or practice potlatch. |
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Definition
| concept describing communication and debate, written or spoken, that helps define what a culture is. |
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Term
| Dichotomous Categories of Native Americans |
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Definition
| Native Americans were subdivided into two contradictory categories: pure and vanishing. |
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Definition
| concept that a set of standard characteristics define someone as being part of a specific group; challenged by postmodernists as contributing to the modernist belief that culture is static; that ethnic identity can be “pure” instead of hybrid. |
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Definition
| ): Principles of conduct. One ethic of anthropology is to cause no harm to those being researched. For this reason, Spivey used pseudonyms instead of real names for informants, the county and the town. |
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Term
| Ethnography/ Ethnographic |
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Definition
| Anthropological research method that describes individual cultures by capturing everyday activities and meanings in the field. Includes methods such as participant observation, field notes, and interviews. The study and systematic recording of human cultures, also a descriptive work produced from such research. |
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Definition
| The locations where fieldwork/ethnographic research takes place. In this case, the locations are codenamed “Southtown” and “Carolina Community” |
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Term
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Definition
| white man’s Indian - unified, separate, isolated, autonomous, forest dwelling, hunting gathering (fierce hunter), racially pure, noble savages, tribes, nature loving. |
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Term
| Federally recognized tribe |
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Definition
| to be “recognized” from dominating assumptions. The bureaucratic regulations of the BIA are simply the codified discourse of larger western stereotypes of what counts as “Indianness” or “tribal”. |
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Term
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Definition
| an anthropological method that requires living among a group of people to learn more about the culture. Typically, field notes are later analyzed by the researcher and used to write a report or ethnography. |
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Definition
| Research method dealing with tracing descent through a lineages. It’s necessary to have physical evidence because birth records were not kept for the Pee Dees. The evidence Spivey came across in this case was the grave markers. |
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Definition
| concept used to describe the Pee Dee Indian tribe’s emphasis on stereotypical Indian attire in the town’s annual Thanksgiving parade to share the importance of the Pee Dee Indian culture to the community. |
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Definition
| The lack of recognition or representation of the Pee Dee Indians in multiple facets of life. The federal and state governments do not recognize them as a separate racial classification in the census. Economically they are isolated to rural areas and their poverty and unemployment go unrecognized. Educationally, Pee Dee children are not counted in local schools and are forced to be in special education classes. There are no Pee Dee Indians in teaching positions, and there are a lack of college educated Pee Dee adults. There is invisibility in written historical documents about them. And lastly, in terms of cultural identity, many of them were forced to hide their true ethnic identities and conform to either white or black. |
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Term
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Definition
| : qualities explicitly defining an object or being; according to critical postmodernists, identities are not static, but are fluid and complex. Identity-as-conjuncture (pg 172): view of identity as a changing and fluid, in binary opposition to identity-as-essence. Spivey states that identity as conjuncture is “source of survival through identity-shifting and a source of renewal and reinvention” for the Pee Dee people as well as a “source of pain and powerlessness”. |
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Term
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Definition
| In this study, Spivey served as both an insider and an outsider in terms of his symbolic membership in the community. He formerly knew the Pee Dees as childhood and teenage friends and later studied them whereby his subject position shifted to an “outsider.” |
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Term
| Invisible Native American Communities |
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Definition
| represent the non-federally recognized groups such as the Lumbee and Pee Dee. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person used as an ethnographic research resource. Key informants are expert sources of information as they view what is happening around them from an insider’s standpoint. For Spivey, the Band Council served as key informants, the Chief of the Pee Dees was the principal key informant. |
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Term
| Kwakiutl or Kwakwaka'wakw |
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Definition
| Box of Treasures (film) – an indigenous group of First Nations peoples (pop. 5,500) who live in British Columbia on northern Vancouver Island and the adjoining mainland and islands. The film refers to their potlatch ceremonies. Note: Native Americans in Canada are referred to as the First Nations. |
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Term
| Last names (surnames), Pee Dee |
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Definition
| Oxendine, Locklear, Hunt, Chavis, Grooms, Bullard, Quick, Roller, Brayboy, Hennings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another Native American tribe in the area near the Pee Dee. Some Pee Dee were marked as Lumbee on governmental records because of the close friendship between the two tribes. The Lumbee tribe are an example of the tendency for tribes to blend together and move throughout the country, making it difficult to prove the tribes history and existence. Blending and moving leads people to believe that tribes just vanish. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assignment of the Native Americans to positions of insignificance on the “fringe” of society. An unimportant or powerless position within a society. Resulted from the “invented radical otherness of Native Americans from white Europeans.” |
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Term
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Definition
| a federally recognized Native American tribe in Massachusetts. Like the Pee Dees the tribe tried to gain recognition but failed the first time because: (i) they lacked a written history, (ii) they did not fit the “ideal” Indian in the eyes of a white jury, and (iii) the court felt that a culture that was “dead” could not be brought back. Eventually, they did gain state recognition. |
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Definition
| a person of mixed blood, specifically a person of mixed European and American Indian ancestry. |
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Term
| National Organization of Non-federally Recognized Tribes |
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Definition
| several hundred participants met in Washington, D.C. with the goal of bringing about a national organization of non-federally recognized tribes. This organization would begin a national social movement for the federal recognition of its members. |
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Definition
| cultural knowledge transmitted orally from one generation to the next. “Most of the rich historical memory of the Pee Dee has remained an oral tradition.” |
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Term
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Definition
| Immersing oneself in the culture that is being studied for an extended period of time and establishing rapport with the community. |
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Definition
| a southern U.S. Native American tribe, formally united under a state charter as an Indian Association. |
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Definition
| Literally, many voices. Polyvocality signifies the multiple perspectives and discourses combined to create a cultural narrative. |
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Definition
| ethnographic methodology that allows the “informants to speak in their own voice more often and at a greater length.” The Spivey book is a good example of this method. |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical approach that includes an incredulity towards meta-narratives or totalizing theories of society and culture. |
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Definition
| recorded meetings between the Pee Dee Indian tribe and local tribes such as the Waccamaws, Edistos, or the Santees that aid each other in the tribe reunification process. |
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Definition
| Rich descriptions obtained from methods such as participant observation, interviews, unstructured conversations, and life histories. |
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Term
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Definition
| For many years, the definition of a “real Native American” lay between “notions of cultural purity and blood.” A term created to consider if an Indian was actually an Indian based on Western stereotypes of Indianness. |
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Term
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Definition
| a state of living shared by many members of the Pee Dee tribe characterized by small, dilapidated houses with large families, struggles for adequate food and clothing, and low wage labor on cotton farms |
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Term
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Definition
| system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land. The Pee Dees would work on a white man's land and receive little of the crop in return, constantly increasing the debt with which the Indians lived. |
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Definition
| concept that describes the social and political silencing of problematic areas, e.g. excluding any mention of slavery while celebrating confederate history or of racism while discussing the US South in current times. |
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Definition
| a concept that resulted from cultural stereotypes that embellished the cultural “otherness” of Natives to set them apart from white Europeans |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory that stresses human interactions in situational contexts as basis for identity; reality is seen as being developed socially and culturally through interactions with others. It emphasizes the discourses of daily life to give voice to silenced and marginalized peoples. |
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Definition
| Pee-Dees reject the idea that they are either extinct or have to prove their authentic survival. They instead choose the third path of emergence, i.e. that of shifting, multiple and hybrid identities. |
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Term
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Definition
| (from The Cherokee Nation – film): name given to the forced relocation of Native American nations from southeastern United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. The removal included many members of the Cherokee from their homelands in Georgia to Oklahoma. 4,000 of the 15,000 relocated Cherokee died en route. |
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Definition
| Process of using at least three research methods or sources to validate one’s findings. |
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Definition
| Chief and council members are elected by tribal members. Elections take place every four years. This “traditional” form of governance has been in place within the Pee Dee organization for the past twelve years. |
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Definition
| ): fantasy Indian, based on White imagination rather than reality. |
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Definition
| The act of considering a person who is supposed to be a minority group as part of the white ethnicity. These people adopt the same lifestyle as the white culture, and as for the Pee Dee Indians, many were forced to pass as white because of the negative associations with being Indian. The government also classified Pee Dees as white on censuses, birth and death records, and in school systems. This makes it difficult to trace Pee Dee history because many Pee Dees are lost in the history of “white” people. |
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