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Quiz 4
Chapter 7 & 8
63
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
10/23/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards


 

 


 

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Term
Schedule of Reinforcement
Definition
A rule for describing the delivery of reinforcers for a behavior.
Term
Schedule Effects
Definition
The distinctive rate and pattern of behavior associated with a particular reinforcement schedule.
Term
Continuous Reinforcement
Definition
The Simplest of simple schedules is called ____.
Term
Continuous Reinforcement (CRF)
Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced each time it occurs.
Term
Intermittent Schedule (also called Partial Reinforcement)
Definition
Any of several reinforcement schedules in which a behavior is sometimes reinforced.
Term
rapid
Definition
Continuous reinforcement leads to very _____ increases in the rate of behavior, but it is rare in the natural environment.
Term
Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)
Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which every nth performance of a behavior is reinforced.
Term
continuous reinforcement
Definition
An FR1 Schedule is also called ______.
Term
High rate, short pauses
Definition
Animals on fixed ratio schedules perform at a ____, often punctuated by ____ after reinforcement.
Term
Post-reinforcement Pause
(also called pre-ratio pause or between-ratio pause)
Definition
A pause in responding following reinforcement, associated primarily with FI and FR schedules.
Term
longer
Definition
The more work required for each reinforcement, the ___ the post-reinforcement pause.
Term
Run Rate
Definition
the rate at which behavior occurs once it has resumed following reinforcement.
Term
Variable Ratio Schedule
Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which on average, every nth performance of a behavior is reinforced.
Term
lowest ratio
Definition
In a VR schedule the length of the pause tends to reflect the ____ more than the average for the overall schedule.
Term
Predatory behavior, commission and gambling
Definition
Examples of VR schedules in the natural world.
Term
Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)
Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following a specified interval since the last reinforcement.
Term
scallop-shaped
Definition
Fixed Interval schedules produce a ____ cumulative record.
Term
Variable Interval Schedules (VI)
Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced the first time it occurs following an interval since the last reinforcement, with the interval varying around some average.
Term
Extinction
Definition
A behavior previously reinforced is never followed by reinforcers
Term
Extinction burst
Definition
Although the overall effect of extinction is to reduce the frequency of behavior, the immediate effect is often an abrupt increase.
Term
variability
Definition
Another effect of extinction is an increase in the ____ of behavior.
Term
emotional, agression
Definition
Extinction often increases the frequency of _____ behavior, particularly ______.
Term
Resurgence
Definition
The reappearance of a perviously reinforced behavior.
Term
Longer
Definition
In general, the ____ the interval between the two extinction periods, the greater the recovery.
Term
rapidly, slowly
Definition
Behavior is usually acquired _____, and extinguished _____.
Term
Fixed Duration Schedule (FD)
Definition
reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for some period of time
Term
Variable Duration Schedule (VD)
Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the continuous performance of a behavior for a period of time, with the length of time varying around an average.
Term
Noncontingent Reinforcement (NCR)
Definition
a schedule in which reinforcers are delivered independently of behavior.
Term
Fixed time Schedule (FT)
Definition
A reinforcer is delivered after a given period of time regardless of what behavior occurs.
Term
Variable Time Schedule (VT)
Definition
A reinforcer is delivered periodically at irregular intervals regardless of what behavior occurs.
Term
Progressive Schedule
Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which the requirements for reinforcement increase systematically
Term
Progressive Ratio Schedule (PR)
Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which the requirement for reinforcement typically increases in a predetermined way, often immediately following each reinforcement.
Term
break point
Definition
In a progressive reinforcement scehdule, the point at which the rate of behavior falls off dramatically or stops entirely.
Term
Stretching the Ratio (Stretching the contingency)
Definition
The procedure of gradually increasing the number of responses required for reinforcement.
Term
Ratio Strain
Definition
Disruption of the pattern of responding due to stretching the ratio of reinforcement too abruptly or too much.
Term
multiple schedule
Definition
A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules alternate, with each schedule associated with a particular stimulus.
Term
Mixed schedule
Definition
A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules, neither associated with a particular stimulus, alternate.
Term
Chain schedule
Definition
A compound reinforcement schedule that consists of a series of simple schedules, each of which is associated with a particular stimulus, with reinforcement delivered only on completion of the last schedule in the series.
Term
Tandem Schedule
Definition
A compound reinforcement schedule that consists of a series of simple schedules, with reinforcement delivered only on completion of the last schedule in the series. The simple schedule s are not associated with different stimuli.
Term
Cooperative Schedule
Definition
A reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the behavior of two or more individuals.
Term
Concurrent Schedules
Definition
A compound reinforcement schedule in which two or more simple schedules are available at the same time.
Term
Partial Reinforcement Effect (PRE)
Definition
The tendency of a behavior to be more resistant to extinction following intermittent reinforcement than following continuos reinforcement
Term
Discrimination Hypothesis
Definition
The idea that the partial reinforcement effect occurs because it is harder to discriminate between intermittent reinforcement and extinction than between continuous reinforcement and extinction.
Term
Frustration Hypothesis
Definition
The idea that the partial reinforcement effect occurs because non reinforcement is frustrating and during intermittent reinforcement responding while frustrated is reinforced, so frustration becomes a signal for responding.
Term
Sequential Hypothesis
Definition
The idea the the partial reinforcement effect occurs because the sequence of reinforced and non reinforced behaviors during intermittent reinforcement becomes a signal for responding during extinction.
Term
Response Unit Hypothesis
Definition
The idea that the partial reinforcement effect is due to differences in the definition of a behavior during intermittent and continuous reinforcement. (the PRE is an illusion)
Term
Matching Law (Herrnstein)
Definition
The principle that, given the opportunity to respond on two or more reinforcement schedules, the rate of responding on each schedule will match the reinforcement available on each schedule.
Term
Punishment
Definition
A decrease in the strength of behavior due to its consequences.
Term
Positive Punishment
Definition
The consequences of a behavior is the appearance of, or an increase in the intensity of, a stimulus.
Term
Negative Punishment
(also called Penalty training)
Definition
a behavior is weakened by the removal of, or a decrease in the intensity of, a stimulus
Term
faster
Definition
The greater degree of contingency between a behavior and a punishing event, the ____ the behavior changes.
Term
less
Definition
the more consistently a behavior is followed by a punishing event, the ____ likely the behavior is to occur in the future.
Term
longer
Definition
The ___ the delay between a behavior and a punishing consequence, the less effective the punisher is.
Term
Greater
Definition
the ____ the intensity of the punishing stimulus, the ____ is the reduction of the punished responses.
Term
intense enough
Definition
If punishment is to be used, then, the goal should be to begin with a punisher that is ______ to suppress the behavior at the outset.
Term
reinforcing consequences
Definition
the success of efforts to punish behavior will depend, then, on the ______ of the behavior.
Term
alternative means
Definition
When punishing an unwanted behavior, be sure to provide an ________ of obtaining the reinforcers that maintain that behavior.
Term
Premack's Prinicple Applied to Punishment
Definition
Low-probability behavior should punish high-probability behavior
Term
Response Prevention
Definition
The procedure of altering the environment to prevent unwanted behavior from occurring.
Term
Differential Reinforcement
Definition
Any operant training procedure in which certain kinds of behavior are systematically reinforced and others are not.
Term
Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA)
Definition
A form of differential reinforcement in which a behavior that is different from an undesired behavior is systematically reinforced.
Term
Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI)
Definition
A form of differential reinforcement in which a behavior that is incompatible with an unwanted behavior is systematically reinforced.
Term
Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate (DRL)
Definition
A form of differential reinforcement in which a behavior is reinforced only if it occurs no more than a specified number of times in a given period.
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