Term
| Walnut Street Jail and the Penetentiary House ( think 17 , you're about to hit the wall , and umm 90 , you've definitely hit it 9 and 0 . 17 90, Walnut street jail.) |
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Definition
Year: 1790 ( but the internet said 1776 was when Walnut street Jail was built and 1790 was when the Penetentiary House was added)
Pennsylvania established the first penetentiary in the country, which came 10 years after the Gradual Emancipation Act. The building was in the typical U-shape designed to hold large numbers of inmates. There was little regard for their physical well-being, nor were there any attempts to rehabilitate them. The prison was overcrowded and dirty, and inmates attacked each other regularly. Those who served their sentences came out of prison probably more inclined toward a criminal life than they were before their incarceration. Some fifteen years later, an addition was made to the jail. They added a new cellblock and called it the "penitentiary house". Built in the courtyard of the existing structure, it included a series of small cells designed to hold individual prisoners. The cells and the corridors connecting them were designed to prevent prisoners from communicating with each other. Windows were high up (the cells had 9-foot-high (2.7 m) ceilings) and grated and louvered to prevent prisoners from looking onto the street. Each cell had a mattress, a water tap, and a privy pipe. Overcrowding undermined the goal of solitary confinement of serious offenders, and more than one inmate was placed in each cell. The isolation had a terrible psychological effect on inmates, and eventually inmates were given in-cell piecework on which they worked up to eight hours a day. Despite these difficulties, similar institutions were constructed in New York (Newgate in 1791) and New Jersey (Trenton in 1798). ( It's strange how the whole penententiary system just so happen to shift directly 10 years after the gradual emancipation act) . |
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Term
| Eastern State Penetentiary |
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Definition
Year: 1829 ( Antebellum Period)
The penitentiary refined the revolutionary system of separate incarceration first pioneered at the Walnut Street Jail which emphasized principles of reform rather than punishment.[5]
Notorious criminals such as bank robber Willie Sutton and Al Capone were held inside its innovative wagon wheel design. When the building was erected it was the largest and most expensive public structure ever constructed, quickly becoming a model for more than 300 prisons worldwide. It encouraged seperate confinement. |
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Term
| Why did a lot of the black women leave the south ? |
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Definition
| Because of racial violence, assault, rape, poor working condidtions, and the hopes of having more opportunities in the north. |
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Term
| what led to the shaping of black women being associated with crimes ? |
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Definition
| There was really only Domestic Servants jobs awaiting black women in the north , and because of discrimination/poverty , the black women ended up living in slums . So this was all seen as being "economically forced" , which led to the shaping of black women being associated with crimes. |
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Term
| What are some of the biases that black women have to face in confinement ? |
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Definition
| They have to serve longer terms/longer sentences than white women, and they were targeted. They also dealt with a lot of poverty during this time period, because there wasn't any aid, welfare, etc. during that period. Some employers would also give false allegations saying that black women were stealing from their homes while doing domestic work. Blacks only got attorneys in certain instances. |
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Term
| How did black women in the north feel about domestic service ? |
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Definition
| they felt like "why are we being held back" ? Other people are coming to this country and getting better jobs than us. We're sick of being domestic servants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A black woman in turn-of-the-century Philadelphia who was the quintessential srvant-thief.At age 22 , she served her first sentence at Eastern State Penetentiary. She would pose as a servant in people's homes , and steal from them. Smiley was among a cadre of black women who made the decision to use crime , particularly servant theft, as their primary source of income. |
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Term
| Ida B. Wells ( Born 1862, died 1931 ) |
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Definition
| Ida B. Wells did/advocated just about every form of resistance. an African-American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist and, with her husband, newspaper owner Ferdinand L. Barnett, an early leader in the civil rights movement. She documented lynching in the United States, showing how it was often a way to control or punish blacks who competed with whites. She was active in the women's rights and the women's suffrage movement, establishing several notable women's organizations. Wells was a skilled and persuasive rhetorician, and traveled internationally on lecture tours. |
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Term
| Those who lynched others didn't care because ?? |
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Definition
| Because they didn't have any sort of fear of judicial reprimand |
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Term
| How did black women become criminalized and disproportionately represented in the prison population ? |
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Definition
| Poverty , proximity, disadvantages because of their accusers , and biased policing. Black people were asked to prove that they owned certain things , and be able to prove that it wasn't stolen. |
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Term
| How did black women build community and survive in the north ? |
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Definition
| Tried to teach one another "respectability" and how to look , dress, and act. |
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Term
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Definition
Year: 1866
After a shooting altercation between white policemen and black soldiers recently mustered out of the Union Army, mobs of white civilians and policemen rampaged through black neighborhoods and the houses of freed slaves. Federal troops were sent to quell the violence and peace was restored on the third day. Black people's cabins and homes were burned to the ground and black women were beat raped, and killed including a 16 year old girl. This is very important because it subjegates black women , and it showed that the policemen wanted to reinstitute the social gender hierarchy . The police used this to reinforce white supremacy. |
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Term
| Why was the whole concept of "Testimony As Resistance" important ? |
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Definition
| Black women gave their testimonies and served their testimony before the congressmen. This is how the black women shamed the white men. By testifiying, they are able to demonstrate that they did not grant consent. This was good, because back then , black people were not able to participate in any legal acts. |
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Term
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Definition
Year: 1896
starts the precedence of "Seperate but Equal" . Railroad situation . 1896 ( plessy , pleaseee let me be 18 , pleaseee let me not be 96, so 1896) |
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Term
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Definition
| Year: 1910-1940 ( kids can have kids from age 10 to 40, only time that sperm can likely migrate into them to reproduce. 19 of coyrse, because i'm 19 now. Blacks go outand help in WWI , and treat others abroad, and come back to America with a whole new perspective. Blacks who did help out in the war still didn't get treated as fairly as others did. There was still a lot of continued frustration with racism even as the blacks moved north. |
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Term
| The Boll Weevil ( Time period is during the great migration period, so 1910- 1940 ) |
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Definition
| it's a little bug that ends up destroying the crops , so rural blacks tend to lose their jobs. |
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Term
| Garvey Movement ( started around 1914 and 1916) |
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Definition
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Term
| The Great depression ( year is 1929-1939 ...ages to get depresed is 29 and 39...right before you hit 30 , and right before you hit 40 . makes perfect sense. |
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Definition
| black unemployment doubled, nearly half of the nation's banks faiked , this SPECIFICALLY CAUSED BLACK WOMEN TO BE MORE VULNERABLE IN TERMS OF LABOR SUCH AS AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTIC SERVICE. Also caused blacks to be lowest on the job totem poles. Many jobs get removed, spurred unequal competition w/ whites, blacks were excluded from participation , |
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Term
| Slave-markets ( occured during the great depression ) |
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Definition
| Black women standing on corners , waiting for whites to drive by desperate to work for them for low wages. |
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Term
| Fair labor standards act ( 1938) ....I can't have kids til i'm 38 , umm how is that fair ? |
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Definition
| established a mininimun wage , and rules against minor working |
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Term
| Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA) year: 1938 ..again ...i can't have a baby til age 38 , that's so not fair. |
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Definition
| rolled out plans to subsiddize farmers, but the whites ould get the money and keep it. White southerners would only give these jobs to white folks. |
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Term
| National industrial Recovery Act ... Year: 1933 |
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Definition
| this act ended up promoting monopolies anyways. |
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Term
| What were the survival techniques of the blacks ? |
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Definition
| Collective organizing , entreprenuership, and bartering. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of the concept of black people rising together and networking with one another . One of the most powerful black women ever . |
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Term
| The great depression era parrallels what ? |
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Definition
| this era parrallels the struggles of all black folks. |
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