Term
|
Definition
Contains only empty calories, no nutritional value, 7kcal/g
Body cant store it, metabolizes right away
When drinking, the body puts this process over all others |
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Term
|
Definition
| 12 oz regular strength beer, 5 oz wine, 1.5 oz of spirit,a shot |
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Term
|
Definition
1 drink per day for women, 2 for men drops stress and raises HDL
Red wine reduces atherosclerotic plaques |
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Term
|
Definition
| Toxic, heavy drinkers can experience cirrhosis, long term can impair liver's ability to activate vitamins |
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Term
|
Definition
Maintenance of levels pushed aside to clear toxins
Inhibits the abiility to make glucose and maintain healthy levels of blood
Over time, one can become glucose intolerant or diabetic |
|
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Term
| Alcohol and weight gain/health |
|
Definition
| Can slow metabolism, empty calorie consumption, increases blood pressure, and is a depressant |
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Term
|
Definition
| Provide the body with Nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
| Breaking down food so it can be absorbed, |
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Term
|
Definition
Transport of nutrients from the intestine into the blood of lymph system
Small and large intestine, most nutrients transported to the liver then out |
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Term
|
Definition
-Reduces particle size, increasing rate of emptying
-Increases surface area, contact points for enzymes
-Mixes food and saliva
-Exposes nutrients inside of cell walls of fruits and veggies |
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Term
|
Definition
Stores, concentrates, and releases bile
Bile facilitates digestion and absorption of fat
Liver kicks in more if this is removed |
|
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Term
| Motility and transport time |
|
Definition
Food spends about 1-3 days in the tract
Time spent in a section is transit time
Depends on the composition of the food and motility |
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Term
|
Definition
May take 4-6 hours
Specific enzymes are specialized for different macronutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
Caused by an absence or deficiency or lactase
When not digested diarrhea and fluid loss occurs
Bacteria in the LI metabolizes lactose producing gas and bloating pains |
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Term
|
Definition
| Triacylglycerols broken down into fat and glycerol |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ingested proteins broken down into simple AA, dipeptides and tripeptides |
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Term
|
Definition
Person typically harbors 500 species
Digest CHO, proteins, and lipids that escape digestion
Ferments some cellulose and produces vitamin K, B12, thiamine, and riboflavin |
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Term
|
Definition
Potentially beneficial bacteria
LAB or Lactic Acid bacteria is most common
Lowering pH could make it harder for bad bacteria to grow |
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Term
|
Definition
Research shows both benefits:
treatment of diarrhea, reduced severity of colds, lower rate of allergies |
|
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Term
| Factors affecting gastric emptying |
|
Definition
Volume of food/drink
Energy Density of food/drink
Temp/osmolarity of food/drink
Body temp and dehydration
Exercise intensity and duration
Gender |
|
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Term
| Gastric Problems during/after exercise |
|
Definition
Distnace runners most common
Symptoms:
nausea, dizziness, side ache, urge to pee
Pre existing issues in GI more likely to get symptoms during competition, more likely during running |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Physiological
Mechanical
Nutritional |
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Term
|
Definition
Avoid milk, fiber, high fat and protein 24 hours before competition
Avoid aspririn, NSAIDS, high fructose foods, particullarly drinks
Avoid dehydration |
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Term
|
Definition
CH2o
Most important are glucose, fructose, sucrose, glucose polymers (maltodextrins) and starch |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Provides energy to muscle
Provides energy to the brain
Fuel for RBC and WBC
Storage form of energy |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis in anaerobic metabolism |
|
Definition
Breakdown of glucose or glycogen that yields pyruvate
Low level intensity, when there is adequate oxygen, pyruvate converted to CO2 and water by oxidative metabolism
High level intensity, pyruvate removed by conversion to lactate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Higher initial levels of muscle/liver glycogen levels cause a smaller level of hormones to stimulate lipolysis, also see smaller rises in CHO ingestion during exercise= fat mobilizaition is delayed, rate of fat oxidation is less |
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Term
|
Definition
Readily available energy source for the working muscle.
The glycogen content of skeletal muscle at rest equates to about 300 to 900g of carbohydrate
The rate at which CHO is oxidized depends largely on exercise intensity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maintains a constant blood glucose level
Approximately 80 to 110g of glycogen stored in liver
Glycogen broken down into glucose then released into the blood |
|
|
Term
| Recommendation for CHO Intake |
|
Definition
Depending on duration ancd intenity 5-12 g/kg BW
High Glycemic Index CHO
COnsume Sport drink in the first hour when appetite is suppressed
Nutrient dense CHO foods
Begin intake as soon as possible |
|
|
Term
| Classic Supercompensation |
|
Definition
Training-3 days of high protein high fat diet, 3 days high CHO
Disadvantages: Hypoglycemia, hard to prepare diet, GI Problems, poor recovery, mood disturbances |
|
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Term
| Moderate Supercompensation |
|
Definition
Tapered training over 6 days
Moderate approach produced similar results, less gi issues |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1 day before an event, cycled very hard to total exhaust and deplete muscle glycogen
As soon as tolerable, consumed high CHO diet, 5.5 g/lb
Were able to reach high glycogen levels similar to those who loaded for 3-6 days |
|
|
Term
| CHO Loading/Increased CHO stores lead to.. |
|
Definition
Increases time to exhaustion
Improve performance in sports involving high intensity exercise |
|
|
Term
| Motion Analysis of Elite Ice Hockey |
|
Definition
| High CHO diet skated 11% more distance than they did in the 1st period in the third period |
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|
Term
| CHO intake 3-5 hours before |
|
Definition
Small increase in muscle glycogen but most will be stored as liver glycogen
3 Important effects: transient fall in plasma glucose with onset of exercise, increases CHO oxidation and accelerates glycogen breakdown, results in the blunting of fatty acid mobilization and oxidation |
|
|
Term
| How much CHO in 4-6 hours before will increase glycogen and improve performance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CHO Intake 30-60 minutes before |
|
Definition
Ingestion results in large rise in plasma glucose and insulin
Increase of insulin stimulates glucose uptake
Liver glucose output inhibited by CHO ingestion
In general, better conditioning one can regulate blood glucose with far less insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increase in blood glucose and insulin in response to food.
3 groups: low <55, Moderate56-70, High >71
Foods with lots of refined sugar have a high GI, and complex CHO have low GI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Takes in to account the amount of food that is normally consumed
Low-(1-10), Medium-(11-19), High-(>20) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Carrots, sweet corn, apple/orange juice, spaghetti |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BAked/Boiled potato, Cheerios/Corn Flakes, Popcorn, Bagel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Doughnut, coca cola, white rice, power bar |
|
|
Term
| Clark Targets for Preexercise Fueling |
|
Definition
4 Hours---2gCHO (LbBW) 1,200 cal
2 Hours---1gCHO (LbBW) 600 cal
5-60 minutes---0.5gCHO (LbBW) 300 cal |
|
|
Term
| CHO Intake during exercise believed to improve endurance capacity and performance because |
|
Definition
Maintenance of blood glucose levels and high CHO oxidation rates
glycogen sparing in the liver
promotion of glycogen synthesis
Improved Motor Skills
CNS effects |
|
|
Term
| Feeding Strategies, Exogenous CHO oxidation |
|
Definition
Increasing exogenous fuel sources will spare the internal sources while still being able to maintain performance
CHO starts to appear 5 minutes after ingestion, rises for 75-90 minutes then levels off |
|
|
Term
| Timing of CHO intake during exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Optimal Level of carbs during exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Best type of CHO to ingest during exercise |
|
Definition
| Ingestion og large amounts of glucose and fructose can result in oxidation rates well over 1g/min |
|
|
Term
| Rapidly Oxidized CHO during Exercise |
|
Definition
| Glucose, Sucrose, Maltose, and maltodextrin |
|
|
Term
| Slowly oxidized CHO during exercise |
|
Definition
| Fructose,galactose, isomaltulose, trehalose, amylose |
|
|
Term
| Limitations to Exogenous CHO |
|
Definition
Gastric Emptying
Digestion of CHO
Intestinal CHO absorption
Retention of CHO by the liver
Glucose uptake by the muscle
MEtabolism in the muscle (glycolysis, TCA cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation) |
|
|
Term
| Multiple Transportable CHO |
|
Definition
Mixture allowed increase ingestion rate, increase CHO oxidation rate, decrease RPE, improved performance
Drinks with multiple transportable CHO are less likely to cause GI issues and fluid delivery is improved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Percentage of ingested CHO that is oxidized |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic Effects of CHO Intake |
|
Definition
CHO ingestion early in exercise has large effects on insulin response, fat mobilization and substrate utilization, whereas ingestion late in exercise has little effect
CHO ingested at the onset of exercise, plasma insulin rise and lipolysis is suppressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stay hydrated, urine clear throughout the day
Na, Ca, K, Mg |
|
|
Term
| Recommendation for CHO intake post exercise |
|
Definition
Depending on intensity and duration, 5-12 g/kgBW (2.5-5.5 g/lbBW)
Consume sport drink in first hour when appetite is suppressed
Nutrient dense CHO foods
Begin intake as soon as possible |
|
|
Term
| Regulation of Glucose Uptake and Glycogen Synthesis |
|
Definition
Glucose uptake to muscle by diffusion by the glucose transporter GLUT4, which can translocate to the cell membrane, increase transport of glucose into the muscle
Muscle contractions, insulin secretion |
|
|
Term
| Rate of Glycogen Synthesis depends on |
|
Definition
Avaliability of glucose
Transport of glucose into the cell
Activity of enzymes which depends on insulin concentration (high insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis) |
|
|
Term
| Rapid (Insulin-Independent) Phase of Glycogen Synthesis after exercise |
|
Definition
Glycogen synthase is the rate limiting enzyme- exists as inactive D-form and active I-form
When muscle glycogen is low, present in the active I-form
Exercise activates glycogen synthase to I-form
During exercise and first hour after GLUT4 is at the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| Slow (insulin-dependent) Phase of Glycogen Synthesis after exercise |
|
Definition
Exercise induced increase of glucose transport wears off, the resynthesis rate slows down
Dependent on circulating insulin, GLUT4 translocation
Glycogen synthase activity slows down as muscle glycogen is restored |
|
|
Term
| Post exercise Feeding and Rapid Recovery |
|
Definition
High rate of synthesis right after exercise depends on avaliability of substrate
Increase insulin sensitivity, increase glycogen synthase activity, increased permeability of the sarcolemma to glucose= low synthesis rates in absence of CHO ingestion |
|
|
Term
| Timing of CHO Intake post exercise |
|
Definition
CHO delayed 2 hours, muscle glycogen concentration after 4hrs is 45% lower compared with ingestion of the same amount
3-4mmol per kgww after 2 hours
5-6mmol per kgww ingested immedately after |
|
|
Term
| Rate of CHO ingestion post exercise |
|
Definition
Ingestion of CHO in the first few hours after exercise, results in enhanced muscle glycogen restoration at a rate between 4.5 and 11 mml per kgww
trends up to 1.4/min |
|
|
Term
| Type of CHO ingested post exercise |
|
Definition
Fructose only results in lower rates as it has to be converted to glucose in the liver, synthesis is about 1/2 as fast with fructose than with glucose
Glycogen synthesis depends on GI of the meal
After 6 hours of recovery, muscle glycogen more restored with high GI meal |
|
|
Term
| Protein and CHO ingestion after exercise |
|
Definition
| Certain amino acids have a potent effect on secretion of insulin. Zawadzki found that there was a greater increase in glycogen storage when CHO and protein were ingested together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Total of processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolism of food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance found in food that performs one or more specific function in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Promote growth and development- primarily proteins, Ca and P important for skeleton
Provide energy-Primarily CHO and fat
Regulate metabolism- Primarily vitamins, minerals, protein (enzymes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CH2O
Most important are glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltodextrins, and starch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sucrose, lactose, maltose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Provides energy to the muscle-predominant fuel during high intensity exercise, ingestion rapidly replenishes stores
Provides energy to the brain- Only fuel used by CNS
Fuel for RBC and WBC
Storage form of energy is glycogen, liver(80-100g), muscle (300-900g) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Insoluble fiber decreases transit time of food in the belly
Soluble lowers blood cholesterol, normalizes blood glucose
Associated with reduced risk of various chronic diseases
Associated with better weight maintenance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Legumes, oats, rye, barley |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whole grain foods, bran, nuts and seeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Soluble in organic solvents such as acetone, ether, and chloroform
Name means oils, fats, and waxes
Oils are liquid at room temp, fats are solid
Same structural elements as carbs but little O with COOH and methyl group at either end |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most abundantly consumed in diet
composed of a 3C glycerol esterified with 3 FA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| UFA that contains at least 1 double bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lipid as a fuel to most cells and an important fuel for the muscle
Protects vital organs
Intake of fat-soluble vitamins A,D,E, and K
Constituents of cell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fatty acids, intramuscular triacylglycerols (IMTG) and circulating plasma triacylglycerols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
20 different amino acids commonly found in dietary protein
Each AA consists of a carbon atom bound to 4 chemical groups
humans synthesize 11 of 20 AA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Provide structure to all cells
Integral part of the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles
Muscle, skin, hair are largely composed of protein |
|
|
Term
| Proteins as a building block |
|
Definition
AA's bound to each other by so called-peptide bonds
Small proteins are often referred to as peptides or polypeptides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most abundant molecule on earth
Essential for survival
Body=60%, blood=90%, Muscle=75%, Bone=20%, Body fat=5% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transports nutrients in solution
Provides protection (lubrication, cleansing and cushioning)
Regulates body temperature
Participates in biochemical reactions
Helps rid the body of waste products |
|
|
Term
| Vitamins, Minerals, Trace Elements |
|
Definition
Vitamins=organic compounds
Minerals, Trace elements=inorganic
Known as micronutrients
All 13 vitamins have important functions in the body, must be obtained through the diet other than D and K
Deficiency can develop in 3-4 weeks
Water/fat soluble |
|
|
Term
| Function of Vitamin/Minerals |
|
Definition
Serve as regulators and links in the processes of energy release from food
They are important cofactors in various chemical reactions and as such are important in maintaining homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organic components of plants that are thought to promote human health but are non-nutrients
Differ from vitamins-not considered essential, without consuming is no deficiency
Have a colorful plate! |
|
|
Term
| Phytonutrient Health Effects |
|
Definition
| Antioxidant, enhance immune response, cause cancer cells to die, repair damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not necessary or that important |
|
|
Term
| What makes a nutrient essential? |
|
Definition
Required for growth, health, survival
Absence or inadequate intake causes signs of a deficiency
Growth failure or signs of deficiency are prevented only by the nutrient
Substance is not synthesized in the body and required for some critical function throughout life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscle-wasting disease, Negative N balance, decrease protein synthesis, increase breakdown of protein |
|
|
Term
| Development of Recommended Intakes |
|
Definition
More than 40 nutrients deemed indispensable
1941 the first Food and Nutrition Board was formed in the US- RDA primary goal to prevent disease caused by deficiency, doesn't meet needs of every single person
1943 dietary standards for evaluating nutritional intakes of large populaions
Current guidelines established between 1997-2004, 46 nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) |
|
Definition
| Value estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a population group |
|
|
Term
| Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)) |
|
Definition
| Goal for individuals based on EAR, Daily intake level sufficient to meet requirement of 97-98% of all healthy people in a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used when RDA cant be determind
Based on observed or experimental approximations |
|
|
Term
| Tolerable Upper Intake Level |
|
Definition
| Highest level of intake likely to pose no risks or adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a population |
|
|
Term
| Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) |
|
Definition
Intended for diet planning
Based on average of large pop, not desinged for every single individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
U.S. RDA was replaced by Daily Values (DV)
Based on 2 sets of references
1) RDI, new name for the US RDA, makes up most of the DV's and provides a set of dietary references for essential vitamins and minerals
2) DRV a standard for protein and various dietary components that have no RDA |
|
|
Term
| US MyPyramid 6 food groups |
|
Definition
1) Dairy
2) Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, beans, nuts
3) Carbs
4) Vegetables
5) Fruits
6) Fats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
45-65% CHO
20-35% fat
10-35% protein
CHO in bread, also veg, fruit, beans, sweets
Protein in meat group, also dairy
Balance food intake with physical activity to maintain weight
Eat variety of nutrient rich food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
diet rich in veggies, fruits, whole grain, and high fiber
Moderate in total fat, low in sat, trans, and cholesterol
less sodium, drink in moderation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
6-11 per day
1 small slice of bread, half bagel, 1/2 cup of oats, rice, pasta, cereal |
|
|
Term
| Fruits and Veggies Serving Size |
|
Definition
5-9 per day
1/2 cup raw, canned, frozen fruit, cooked veggies, 6oz pure juice, 1 cup raw veggies |
|
|
Term
| Meat and Beans Serving Sizes |
|
Definition
2-3 per day
2-3 oz cooked beef, 1/2 cup cooked beans, 2tbsp nuts, seeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2-3 per day
1 thin slice of cheese, 1 cup milk, yogurt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If you consume an adequate amount of these nutrients, all essential ones will be supplied: protein, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, calcium, Vit. A&C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of nutrients per food item, higher the nutrient level, higher density. Goal is to eat high nutrient food containing low calories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All standard
%DV based on 2,000 calorie a day diet
Ingerdients listed descending order of ingoing weight, first ingredient contributes largest
Terms like low fat are regulated
Labels cant claim a food cana treat, prevent, or cure and disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Food treated to extend shelf life, improve taste, nutrition, color or texture
Processing includes: adding preservatives, colorings, or flavorings
Nutritional quality of food has declined because of the amount of processing, nutrrient density drops
Some nutrients may be lost during processing frozen and canned veggies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lengthen shelf life, enhance color, texture or taste, facilitate food prep, make food more marketable
Derived natrually (sugar) or synthetically (aspartame)
Artificial sweeteners have been said to cause cancer, no evidence supports that |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Capacity to do work, W=F*D, work/time
1 calorie= 4.186 joules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Efficiency describes the effective work performed after muscle contraction and is usually expressed as the percentage of total work. Humans are approximately 20% efficient, meaning 80% used to convert to heat |
|
|
Term
| Measuring content of food |
|
Definition
1 g of CHO= 4 calories
1g of fat= 9 calories |
|
|
Term
| Coefficients of digestibility average |
|
Definition
97% CHO 4
95% lipids 9
92% proteins 4 |
|
|
Term
| Measuring Energy Expenditure |
|
Definition
Direct calorimetry, indirect
doubly labeled water
heart rate and accelerometry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| average daily metabolic rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resting energy expenditure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diet induced thermogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thermic effect of exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy expenditure for activity |
|
|
Term
| Largest component of daily energy expenditure |
|
Definition
RMR 60-75%
TEF 10%
ERE TEE 15-30% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Energy required for the maintenance of normal body functions and homeostasis in resting conditions |
|
|
Term
| Diet Induced Thermogenesis |
|
Definition
Increase in energy expenditure above RMR occurs for several hours after ingestion of a meal as a result of digestion, absorption, metabolizing, and storage of food
fire on the beach |
|
|
Term
| Thermic Effect of Exercise |
|
Definition
Includes all energy expended above the RMR and DIT
Both voluntary and involuntary
can range from 100-8,000 calories a day
30-80% of daily energy expenditure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calculated over long periods and represents the difference between energy intake and expenditure. When intake exceeds the expenditure, a positive enrgy balance occurs, which will result in weight gain, negative energy balance, weight loss occurs |
|
|
Term
| Lower Limits of Exercise Expenditure |
|
Definition
| Female gymnasts, ballet dancers, and ice dancers often have daily intakes between 1,000- 2,000 calories. Weight category sports as well |
|
|
Term
| Upper limits of Exercise Expenditure |
|
Definition
Ultra endurance athletes may require expenditures as high as 8,600 calories a day.
Consume enormous amounts of CHO
SOme events, time to eat is limited, consumption is difficult
GI problems make it hard to absorb large quantities. |
|
|
Term
| Subcellular Skeletal Muscle Structure |
|
Definition
| skeletal muscle cells are long, striated, multinucleated fibers commonly called myofibers. Myofibrils of the myofibers are the contractile elements, composed of sarcomeres containing thick and thin filaments arranged in a regular array. Heads of the myosin molecules form cross bridges that bind reversibly to the actin filaments, causing the filaments to slide over each other toward the center of sarcomeres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Energy stored as fat, glycogen, PCr, ATP
Myosin contain ATPase activity sites and Actin binding sites
Breakdown by myosin ATPase of ATp=ADP + Pi provides energy for muscle contraction
Actin conain several protein
Ca and ATP present causes sliding filament theory, muscle fiber shortens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Realization that athletic success is related to the proportions on the muscle fibers in muscle
Immunohistrochemical staining for myosin heavy chain type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Broadly classified as type I or II by their contraction speed and metabolic characterisitcs
Muscle fibers are adaptable, appropriate training program has a major effect on the metabolic potential of the muscle, regardless of proportion of fiber types
I(Slow twitch), IIa(fast twitch fatigue resistant), IIx (fast twitch fatigable) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Specialized for repeat contractions over prolonged periods
Small diameter red cells
Slow-acting myosin ATPases
Numerous mitcohondria, great capillary supply, high capacity for oxidative metabolism, extremely fatigue resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Between I and IIx
Fast acting ATPases but oxidative capacity like Type I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Best suited for delivering rapid, powerful contractions for brief periods
Possess rapidly acting myosin ATPases
Few mitochondria, poor capillary supply, greater glycogen and PCr stores, Lactic acide accumulates quickly, thus fast fatigue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Under load motor units are recruited from smallest to largest
Type I---Type IIa---Type IIx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Resistance Training-Hypertrophy-Increase in muscle fiber size..Hyperplasia-increase in muscle fiber number
Endurance Training-Increase oxidative capacity
Alteration of fiber type seen in both endurane and resistance
Improve Biochemical Responses-Chaneg in enzyme activity
Physiological Responses- Cardiac Output (Q), Maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max) |
|
|
Term
| PCr in Anaerobic Metabolism |
|
Definition
PCr is present in the sarcoplasm of muscle at about three times the concentration of ATP
PCr hydrolysis is initiated at the onset of muscular contraction to buffer the rapid accumulation of ADP resulting from ATP hydrolysis
The rate of PCr hydrolysis begins to decline after only a few seconds of maximal force generation
Importance of PCr to muscle energy production and function lies in the extremely rapid rate at which it can resynthesize ATP |
|
|
Term
| Glycolysis in Anaerobic Metabolism |
|
Definition
Breakdown of glucose or glycogen that yields pyruvate
Low level intensity, when there is adequate oxygen, pyruvate converted to CO2 and water by oxidative metabolism
High level intensity, pyruvate removed by conversion to lactate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur in the mitochondria
In aerobic resynthesis of ATP, oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, and it combines with hydrogen to form water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Exercise intensity, metabolic capacity of tissue decides fate of pyruvate
Lactate accumulates, associated H ions cause intramuscular pH to fall, inhibiting enzymes, contractile mechanism begins to fail
Low pH stimulates nerve endings in the muscle, causes perception of pain
Training adaptations to alter this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CHO is the major fuel for muscle activity in high intensity exercise, when muscle glycogen stores are depleted, only low-intensity exercise is possible
The time that a fixed exercise intensity can be sustained is related to the size of the pre-exercise glycogen store. The size of the store depends on the pattern of exercise and diet in the previous hours and days |
|
|
Term
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Definition
The principal storage form of fat in the body is triglyceride, most of which is located in adipose tissue
Triglyceride stores are also found in liver and muscle and as lipoproteins in blood
Muscles cannot oxidize triglycerides directly, must first be broken down into its fatty acid and glycerol components by lipolysis
This process is activated during exercise by the actions of epinephrine, glucagon, an cortisol. The principal sources of fat fuels for exercise are blood-borne FA's derived from adipose tissue and intramuscular triglyceride |
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Term
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Definition
CHOs and fats supply most of the energy to regenerate ATP
Protein normally contributes less than 5% energy needed for muscular contraction
During starvation or glycogen depletion protein catabolism may become increasingly important
-Can enter krebs cycle as Acetyl CoA, ketoglutarate, or oxaloacetate
During exercise contribution is likely to be 5%, during prolonged exercise may increase to 10% |
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Term
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Definition
CHO stored as glycogen-Contained in sarcoplasm of skeletal muscle and liver
Fats stored as triacylglycerol in adipose tissue
Type I fibers contain more fat than Type II
Fat stores in the body are greater than CHO
Fat is more efficiently used |
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Term
| Intracellular Factors regulating mobilization of fuels |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System factors regulating mobilizing of fuels |
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Definition
| Norepinephrine (noadrenaline) |
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Term
| Hormones affecting mobilization of fuels |
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Definition
| epinephrine, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulation of anaerobic and oxidative ATP resynthesis- Decline in cellular concentration of ATP, Increase in ADP/AMP
ATP/ADP/AMP activators or inhibitors in: PCr, CHO, and fat degradation and utilization |
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Definition
During exercise the interaction of among insulin, glucagon, and catecholamines is mostly responsible for fuel availability and utilization
Cortisol and GH also have some significant effects |
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Definition
Inhibits lipolysis
Increase glucose uptake by the liver, muscle, adipose tissue
Primary stimulus for increase insulin is the rise of the blood glucose concentration after eating a meal
Usually depressed during exercise |
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Definition
Causes effect opposite to insulin
Raises blood glucose level by increasing the rate of glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown in liver)
Promotes gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose from non CHO precursors)
Primary stimulus for increase glucagon is a decrease of the blood glucose concentration in the blood |
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Definition
Stimulation of heart rate, constriction/dilation of blood vessels
Effects of epinephrine more important that norepinephrine
Promote lipolysis in adipose tissue, inhibits insulin secretion
Primary stimulus by stressors such as exercise, hypotension, hypoglycemia |
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Definition
GH stimulates lipolysis
Cortisol stimulates lipolysis but its main effect is to promote protein degradation and AA release from muscle
Interleukin-6 stimulates lipolysis but also has some anti-inflammatory effects |
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Definition
When muscle and liver glycogen stores have become depleted glucagon and epinephrine activate lipolysis
Brief to light activity energy derived equally CHO and fat
Exercise Greater 1-2 hours and CHO depleted quantity of fat used increases
Arises from small fall in blood glucose, increase in glucagon, decrease in insulin, epinephrine and cortisol also increase as exercise progresses |
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Term
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Definition
Several factors influence the type of substrate used to fuel muscular work: substrate avaliability, diet, intensity and duration of exercise, training status, hormones, previous exercies, and environmental conditions
Fat oxidation makes an increasing contribution as duration increases |
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Term
| Metabolic responses to Exercise |
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Definition
Most important factor influencing metabolic response is exercise intensity
Physical fitness of the subject
Exercise duration, substrate availability, nutritional status, diet, feeding during exercise, mode of exercise |
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Term
| Fatigue in High Intensity Exercise |
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Definition
ATP fuels 2 seconds of max intensity
The rate of resynthesis muust match that of expenditure to maintain force
The rate of PCr hydolysis declines with time of maximal force generation
If high intensity exercise is to continue beyond a few seconds, there must be an increase in glycolysis
Still extremely rapid, involves several more steps |
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Term
| Factors affecting fatigue in high intensity |
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Definition
Gradual decline in anaerobic ATP production
Increase in ADP caused by depletion of PCr and fall in glycolysis
Exercise lasting 1-5 minutes lactic acid and H ion accumulation may contribute
Accumulation of Pi=inhibits muscle contraction coupling directly
Ca transport slows, reduction of reuptake
Excitation coupling failure
Possibly at reduced nervous drive caused by reflex inhibition at the spinal level |
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Term
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Definition
Prolonged exercise is when an exercise intensity can be sustained for 30 minutes to 3 hours
Rates of PCr degradation and lactate production during the first minutes are closely related to the intensity of the exercise
After a steady state has been reached, CHO and fat oxidation becomes principal means of ATP resynhesis
Muscle glycogen is principal fuel for first 30 minutes of exercise at 60-80% Vo2max |
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Term
| Fat oxidation during prolonged exercise |
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Definition
During early stages of exercise fat oxidation is limited by the delay in the mobilization of FA from adipose tissue
Observed to fall during the first hour of moderate intensity exercsie followed by a progressive increase due to lipolysis starting as catecholamines |
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Definition
At marathon running pace, muscle CHO stores alone can fuel about 80 minutes of exercise
Fat oxidation ATP resynthesis alone cannot meet ATP requirement for exercise higher than 50-60% VO2max |
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Term
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Definition
Muscle glycogen depletion, inability of muscle to maintain ATP synthesis, ADP and Pi accumulation
Exercise after a period of fasting or a diet low in CHO resultes in hypoglycemia, may be direct cause of fatigue
Afferent chemoreceptors possibly feeds back to the motor cortex inducing central fatigue causing athlete to decrease intensity
Higher initial levels of muscle/liver glycogen leveles cause a small level of hormons to stimulate lipolysis, also see smaller rises in CHO ingestion during exercise=fat mobilization is delayed, rate of fat oxidation is less |
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Term
| Metabolic Adaptations to Training |
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Definition
Increase in cap. density, mito size and number
TCA cycle and oxidative enzymes increase
Capacity to oxidize fat and CHO increases
Affect substrate utilization
Increases cross-sectional area of type I fibers
Increase capactiy to use fat during submaximal exercise
Increased cardiac output, VO2 max
Improved O2 delivery to working muscles
Lower hormonal responses to exercise
Decrease rate of muscle glycogen, blood glucose utilization and lactate accumulation during submaximal exercise
Increased mitochondrial oxidative capacity there is less disturbance to ATP homeostasis |
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Term
| Fuel Source/Metabolism Conclusion |
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Definition
Training strength, power, speed has little if any effect on aerobic capacity
Heavy resistance training or sprinting brings about changes to (ATP and PCr) and glycolytic systems
Heavy resistance training causes hypertrophy, thus increasing total muscle mass and possibly maximum power
Stretch, contraction, and damage to muscle fibers during exercise provide stimuli for adaptation |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone activates lipolysis in adipose tissue |
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Definition
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| Most rapid method to resynthesize ATP during exercise is |
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Definition
| Phosphocreatine breakdown |
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Definition
| Intestines, pancreas, gallbladder, stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| Creates glucose and galactose |
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Term
| Fructose is transported across membrane of intestine by |
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Definition
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| Fructose is transported across membrane of intestine by |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Most likely the factor to limit the oxidation of inested CHO during exercise |
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Definition
| Intestinal CHO absorption |
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