Leaf: Alternate double toothed

Catkins, monoeoicious, produce small nuts housed in leafy structure called bracts

Not tall or canopy trees 

Genus: Carpinus, corylus, ostrya, betual, alnus

Floral formual: Ca5Coz5A5or10

G1 swells into a bean

Flowers: Flowers and seeds directly out of branches.

Stigma drops down

Leaves: Alternate compound

Genus: Cercis, Gleditsia, Gymnocladus, Robinia

Not an angiosperm

Leaves: Produces needles or scales

Reproductive: Male and female reproductive structure in cones

Male cones are soft and shriveled (long) up

Genus: Abies, Picea, Pinus, Tsuga, Taxodium

How you tell them apart: Shape of needle, how many needles, and shape of cone

Floral Formula: A(5/CapCo(5)/G(2)

Flowers: All flowers are packed into a recepticle

Inflorescent head is packed into flattened structure called a receptical

Petal: Can be showy (inside of the receptical)

Ray flower at end

Disk flowers- not showy

Reproductive: Caylx in leafy structures. 

Cyperaceae

Floral Formula: CaxCoxA3G(2)(3)

Sedges- smialiar to grasses

Flower: Anter stands up and more attached. Female stigma sticks out of top 

Stem: Triangular (Sedges have edges) 

Fruit: Paraginum

Leaves: Basal- M or W on it. 

Floral Formula: Ca3Co3A6G(3)

Leaves: whorled

Flowers: units of three

Grasses

Formula: Ca2CoxA3G(2)

Stem: round

Reproductive: Large anthers on flimsy filaments 

Anthers swing on filaments for Wind pollination

Caylx- small nubs

Stigma hangs down 

Flowers: Reduced and specialized. inflorescent with many flowers

Leaves: Wrap around stem

Determinate- builds out entire inflorescent. End flower flowers first and then flowers down

Examples: Cyme- Growth of flowers that have a peducle to bring new growth

Umbel- flat topped inflorescence- peticles come from the same spot 

Corymb- Peticle not from same spot. bract-pedicel bract- pedicle 

Annual - the flower grows for one season, produces seeds and die

Biennial - Grows for 1 or more years without producing flowers. During that process it stores energy. Finally, it seeds then dies.

Perennial - grows year after year and produces seeds in multiple growing seasons.

Leaf for is known as basal rosette.

Flower

Pedicel (flower stalk)

Bract (Involucre)

Peduncle 

1) Number of spikes

2) Bisexual/sessile or Mono-sexual

For Bisexual

Location of male flowers 

For Monosexual

1) Plants pubescent,perigynia

and foliage pubescent, or perigynia or foliage

2) Plants completely glabrous. 

a) less than 1 cm long 

       I) Terminal spiked male

       i) Perigynia beaked

ii) Non beaked

                   II) Terminal Spike both male and female

b) Greater than 1 cm long

Starts with a lake, there is an input of water but not output. Sphagnum Moss gets into the water and starts growing from the outside in.

Produces acid as a by-product.

No decomposition occurs due to the acidic nature of the water.

Only source of light is the center, which eventually is covered up by the sphagnum moss. 

Water is very nutrient low due to the lack of decomposition

Overtime the Bog becomes peat moss, but can regenerate if there is a fire, this will cause the bit to fill with water and restarts the process.

Plants:

conifer, insect eating plants, and orchids

Kame- Plant growth over it.

Rain water falls on the kame sinks in and flows out through a hole in the bottom of the kame. 

The water is very basic because of the calcium and magnesium in the Kame. 

Plants: Orchids and tall plants.

SEDGE MEADOW (longer periods of standing water) -> FEN ( Ca loving plants) -> WET PRARIE (grasses dominate)

WET PRARIE -> FEN -> SEDGE MEADOW