Term
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Definition
| includes thos structures that can be seen grossly and microscopically |
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Term
| What is the regional approach |
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Definition
| each region of the body is studied separately and all aspects of that region are studied at one time |
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Term
| What is the systemic approach |
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Definition
| each system of the body is studied and followed throughout the entire body |
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Term
| What is the anatomical position |
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Definition
| standing upright, feet together, hands by the side, and face looking forward. the mouth is closed and the facial expression is neutral. hands are supine. fingers are straight and together. toes point forward |
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Term
| Which plane is oriented vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
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Definition
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Term
| what plane is oriented vertically, but is at a right angle to the coronal plane and divides the body into the right and left parts |
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Definition
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Term
| What plane passes through the center of the body dividing it into equal right and left halves |
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Definition
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Term
| what planes divide the body into superior and inferior parts |
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Definition
| transverse, horizontal, or azial (all the same) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| describes the position of a structure with reference to the nose |
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Term
| T/F: lumbar vertebrae flex better than thoracic or cervical |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bending toward the posterior |
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Term
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Definition
| bending toward the anterior |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What constitutes the central nervous system |
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Definition
| the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| what constitutes the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves |
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Term
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of cervical nerves are there |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of sacral nerves are there |
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Definition
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Term
| How many pairs of coccyxigeal nerves are there |
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Definition
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Term
| What attaches the nerve to the spinal cord |
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Definition
| anterior and posterior root |
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Term
| What is a posterior ramus |
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Definition
| the small posterior rami that innervates the back |
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Term
| What is an anterior ramus |
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Definition
| the much larger anterior rami innervate most other regions of the body except for the head |
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Term
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Definition
| develop in fetal circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| that area of skin supplied by a single nerve or spinal cord level |
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Term
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Definition
| that region of skeletal muscle innervated by a single nerve on the spinal cord level |
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Term
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Definition
| thos in which the skeletal elements are separated by a cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| those in which there is no cavity and the components are held together by connective tissue |
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Term
| What is the first layer of a synovial joint that usually covers the articulating surfaces of the skeletal elements |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a characteristic of the synovial joint (what surrounds it) |
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Definition
| a joint capsule consisting of an inner synovial membrane and an outer fibrous membrane |
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Term
| T/F: the synovial membrane is highly vascular |
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Definition
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Term
| What does hyaline cartilage do |
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Definition
| covers articulating surfaces of the skeletal elements |
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Term
| What are tthree characteristics of synovial joints |
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Definition
| has a first layer of hyaline cartilage, the presence of a joint capsule consisting of an inner synovial membrane and an outer fibrous membrane, presence of additional structures within the area enclosed by the capsule or synovial membrane (articular discs, fat pads, and tendons) |
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Term
| T/F: the synovial membrane is highly vascular and produces synovial fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| What are closed sacs of synovial membrane that occur outside the joints called? |
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Definition
| synovial bursae/tendon sheaths |
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Term
| What is the function of tendon sheaths |
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Definition
| reduce the friction of one structure moving over the other |
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Term
| What is teh function of the articular disc |
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Definition
| absorbs compression forces and adjust to changes in the contours of joint surfaces during movements and increase the range of movements that can occur at joints |
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Term
| What are fat pads and where do they occur |
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Definition
| occur between the synovial membrane and the capsule and move into and out of regions as joint contours change during movement |
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Term
| What two things allow for large movement at joints |
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Definition
| redundant regions of the synovial membrane and fibrous membrane |
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Term
| How are synovial joints described |
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Definition
| based on shape and movement |
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Term
| What are the types of synovial joints |
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Definition
| plane, hinge, pivot, bicondylar, condylar, saddle, and ball and socket |
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Term
| What are the types of movement of a synovial joint |
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Definition
| uni-axial (movement on one plane), bi-axial(movement on two planes),and multi-axial (movement in three planes) |
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Term
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Definition
| connections between skeletal elements where the adjacent surfaces are linked together either by fibrous connective tissure or by cartilage, usually fibrocartilage |
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Term
| T/F: movement at solid joints move more freely than that of synovial joints |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the types of solid joints |
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Definition
| fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints |
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Term
|
Definition
| fibrous joints that only occur in the skull where adjacent bones are linked by a thin layer of connective tissue (sutural ligament) |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous joints tha tonly occur between the teeth and adjacent bone |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrous joints in which two adjacent bones are linked by a ligament |
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Term
| What are the two types of cartilaginous joints |
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Definition
| synchondroses and symphyses |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilaginous joints that occur where two ossification centers in a developing bone remain separated by a layer of cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilagionous joints taht occur where two separate bones are interconnected by cartilage (pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs) |
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Term
| What are the two major types of joints between vertebrae |
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Definition
| symphyses (between vertebral bodies) and synovial (between articular processes) |
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Term
| How many joints does a typical vertebra have? |
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Definition
| six (four synovial, and two symphysis) |
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Term
| What are the types of movement of the vertebral column |
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Definition
| flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation, and circumduction |
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Term
| T/F: movement by vertebrae in a specific region are determined by the thickness of the intervertebral discs |
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Definition
| false, movement is based on the shape and orientation of joint surfaces on the articular processes and on the vertebral bodies |
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Term
| What forms the symphysis between adjacent vertebral bodies |
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Definition
| hyaline cartilage and an intervertebral disc |
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Term
| What is the structure of the intervertebral disc |
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Definition
| Superior view shows rings: consists of an outer anulus fibrosus, which surrounds a central nucleus pulposus. is covered by hyaline cartilage on anterior and posterior sides |
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Term
| what are the zygapophysial joint |
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Definition
| the synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes on adjacent vertebrae |
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Term
| What encloses each zygapophysial joint |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the zygopaphysial joints situated in the cervical vertebrae |
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Definition
| they slope inferiorly from anterior to posterior and facilitates flexion and extension |
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Term
| How are the zygopophysial joints situated in the thoracic vertebrae |
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Definition
| vertically, they limit flexion and extension, but facilitate rotation |
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Term
| How are the zygapophysial joints situated in the lumbar vertebrae? |
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Definition
| joint surfaces are curved and adjacent processes interlock, thereby limiting range of movement, though flexion and extension are still major movements in the lumbar region |
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Term
| What is an uncovertebral joint |
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Definition
| the lateral margins of the upper surfaces of typical cervical vertebrae are elevated into crests or lips ermed uncinate processes. these may articulate with the body of the vertebra above to form small "uncovertebral" synovial joints |
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