Term
| What key forces drove American expansion westward during this period? |
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Definition
| Westward expansion was fueled by the ambition to expand American territory and to economically exploit and develop the Far West. The First Seminole War gave Monroe and Adams a chance to push Spain from the southeast under the Adams-Onis Treaty, while entrepreneurs established a fur trade in the North and an aggressive removal policy forced Indian tribes from the South. |
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Term
| How did developments in transportation support the growth of agriculture and manufacturing? |
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Definition
| New turnpikes, canals, steamboats, and eventually railroads expanded the access of farmers and small manufacturers to a regional and even national market. Famers began to produce staple crops to sell rather than subsistence crops for their own families. Textile factories developed to turn southern cotton into clothing. In the North, industrialization increased efficiency but crowded workers into factories for long hours. |
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Term
| What decisions did the federal government face as the country expanded? |
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Definition
| The government decided whether new states would allow slavery, how the Supreme Court would function, and how the US would deal with the European powers. The Missouri Compromise established the 36'30' line dividing slave from free states, while Court became the supreme constitutional interpreter. The More Doctrine held that the US and European powers should each control their respective hemispheres. |
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Term
| How did improve transportation affect America's economy? |
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Definition
Improved transportation soon gave many Americans access to distant markets, and advances in processing raw materials led to the first stirrings of industrialization. Improved transport increased farm income and stimulated commercial agriculture.
* Political leaders realized that national security, economic progress, and political unity more or less depended on an improved transportation network. |
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Term
| What was the role of the courts during this period? |
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Definition
| o An active judiciary promoted economic development and asserted the priority of national over state/local interests. |
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Term
| What was the precedent of the Adams-Onis Treaty? |
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Definition
Spain relinquished Florida and in return, the US assumed $5 million of the financial claims of American citizens against Spain.
o Adams also made Spain give up its claim to the Pacific coast north of California and got the Spanish minister to agree to a new boundary between American and Spanish territory that ran north of Texas but extended to the Pacific. |
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Term
| Who were the Five Civilized Tribes? |
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Definition
the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole. They adopted many of the features of the surrounding white southern society.
• Treaties reduced tribal holdings. |
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Term
| What was the Cherokee's strategy in dealing with American pressure? |
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Definition
• The Cherokee adopted a strategy of accommodation to increase their chances of survival.
The move towards a more agrarian, market-based economy, this eroded the traditional matrilineal kinship system and replaced it with the US system of patriarchy. |
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Term
| What was the role of Sequoyah? |
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Definition
| o Sequoyah’s invention of a written Cherokee language spurred a renaissance of Cherokee culture, this gave the Cherokee a new means of self-expression and a reinvigorated sense of their identity. |
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Term
| What was the Seminole's strategy in dealing with American pressure? |
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Definition
| • The Seminole, the smallest of the five nations, reacted to pressure from white settlers with armed resistance rather than accommodation. |
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Term
| How did the Seminoles deal with slaves? |
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Definition
They granted asylum to run away slaves from the Carolinas and created autonomous “maroon communities” in Florida.
* The estelusti and the Seminoles were allies in wars against the Americans → the Treaty of Moultrie Creek, removed the tribe from their fertile lands in northern Florida to swampland south of Tampa. |
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Term
| How did the states deal with Native Americans? |
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Definition
| • Southern, white state governments began to act on their own, proclaiming state jurisdiction over lands federal treaties still allotted to Indians within the state’s borders. |
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Term
| What was the issue of flatboats? |
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Definition
Flatboats were one-way, and until the problem of upriver navigation was solved, the Ohio-Missy could not carry the manufactured goods that farmers desired in exchange for their crops.
o SOLUTION: Steam power --> Robert Fulton |
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Term
| How did steam power aid the economy? |
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Definition
• Principal means of passenger travel and revolutionized western commerce.
• Steam transport reduced costs, moved goods and people faster, and allowed a two-way commerce. |
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Term
| What was the issue with transportation? What was the solution? |
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Definition
• The transportation system did not provide an economical way to ship western farm produce directly east to ports engaged in transatlantic trade.
o SOLUTION: build a system of canals The canal boom ended when it became apparent that most of the waterways were unprofitable, but it provided a vital service to those who used them and contributed to the new nation’s economic development. |
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Term
| How did technological advances change the face of agriculture? |
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Definition
• The 19th century, the typical faming household consumed most of what it produced and sold only a small surplus in nearby markets
* 1800-1840, agricultural output increased at an annual rate of approximately 3%, which consisted of commodities grown for sale rather than home consumption. |
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Term
| What did the emerging exchange network encourage? |
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Definition
| o The emerging exchange network encouraged movement away from diversified farming and toward regional concentration on staple crops. |
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Term
| What are the five factors that make the Deep South the Cotton King? |
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Definition
1. Slavery.
2. Natural transportation system.
3. Availability of land.
4. The rise of the textile manufacturing.
5. The cotton gin. |
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Term
| How did the market economy benefit the industrialists? |
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Definition
• In the 1820s, most of the clothing Americans wore was made entirely in households --> the "putting out system".
• The growing market for low-priced goods also emphasized speed, quantity, and standardization in production --> textile manufacturing.
• The shift in textile manufacture from domestic to factory production also shifted the locus of women’s economic activity. → “putting-out” system declined.
* Many politicians now supported a high duty to protect manufacturers from foreign competition (tariffs). |
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Term
| The Industrial Revolution did not yet occur, but what revolutionary ideal occurred? |
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Definition
| The revolution that did occur was one of distribution rather than production, a rapid flow of capital, commodities, and services from region to region. Americans were now receptive to politicians and reformers who attacked corporations and the “money power”. |
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Term
| What was the Missouri Compromise? |
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Definition
Admission of Missouri as a slave state with the admission of Maine as a free state.
o Prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the southern border of Missouri. |
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Term
| How did the Marshall Court enhance the federal government's power? |
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Definition
| Used the contract clause of the Constitution to limit the power of state legislatures and strengthened the federal government by sanctioning a broad or loose construction of its constitutional powers and by affirming its supremacy over the states. |
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Term
| What was the Monroe Doctrine? |
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Definition
| • Monroe Doctrine solemnly declared that the US opposed further colonizing in the Americas or any effort by European nations to extend their political system outside their own hemisphere and in return, the US pledged not to involve itself in the internal affairs of Europe or to take part in European wars. They kept their status of neutrality. |
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