Term
| How did the Republic's growth shape the market economy and relations with Native Americans? |
|
Definition
| During Jefferson's administration, a rapidly growing population flooded into the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. Family farmers produced crops for a robust international market. Cities served as centers, not of industry, but of commerce. When Native Americans such as Tecumseh resisted expansion, the US government and ordinary white settlers pushed aside. |
|
|
Term
| How did practical politics challenge Jefferson's political principles? |
|
Definition
| Jefferson brought to the presidency a commitment to a small, less expensive federal government. In office, hover, he discovered that practical politics demanded compromises with Republican principles. He needed a government capable of responding to unexpected challenges and opportunities throughout the world. Although he worried that the Louisiana Purchase might exceed his authority under the Constitution, Jefferson accepted the French offer and sent Lewis and Clark to explore this vast territory. |
|
|
Term
| How did Jeffersonians deal with the difficult problems of party politics and slavery? |
|
Definition
| To end Federalist control of the judiciary, Jefferson denied commissions to judges appointed at the end of the Adams administration and attempted to remove others from office. That filed, and the impeachment of Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase embarrassed the administration. In 1807, after considerable debate and compromise, Jefferson signed into law a bill outlawing the international slave trade. |
|
|
Term
| Why did the US find it difficult to avoid military conflict during this period? |
|
Definition
| During Jefferson's second term, Britain and France waged a world war. Both nations tried to manipulate the US into taking sides. REcognizing that his country possessed only a weak navy and small army, Jefferson supported the Embargo Act, which closed American ports to foreign commerce. This angered New Englanders who regarded open trade as the key to their region's prosperity. |
|
|
Term
| Why is the War of 1812 sometimes thought of as a "second war of independence"? |
|
Definition
| Prior to the war, Britain treated the US as though it were still a colonial possession and regularly seized sailors on American ships. In 1813, American troops failed to conquer Canada. In 1814, British troops burned Washington, D.C., in retaliation. In 1815, General Andrew Jackson won a stunning victory in the Battle of New Orleans. The resolutions of the Hartford Convention, criticizing the war and the Constitution, proved an embarrassment for the Federalists and accelerated their demise as a political party. |
|
|
Term
| What were the characteristics of Jeffersonians? |
|
Definition
| Jeffersonians insisted on a strict interpretation of the Constitution, peaceful foreign relations, and reducing the federal government’s role in the lives of average citizens. |
|
|
Term
| The growing regional mentality was a result of what? |
|
Definition
| A product of defensiveness. This shifting focus of attention resulted not only from an awareness of shared economic interests but also from a sensitivity of outside attacks on slavery → powerful sectional loyalties that threatened the national unity. |
|
|
Term
| What was Tecumseh's role in the growth of Native American tribes? |
|
Definition
He attempted to revitalize native culture. Persuaded Native Americans to avoid contact with whites, resist alcohol, and hold their own land.
° Jefferson talked of creating a vast reservation beyond the Missy River → he sent federal agents to “civilize” the Indians, to transform them into yeomen farmers. |
|
|
Term
| During this time period there were steep advances in technologies, what were the fears of some workers? |
|
Definition
| Ordinary workers feared that innovative technology to improve efficiency would throw them out of work or transform independent entrepreneurs into dependent wage laborers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| * Top priority for Jefferson was to cut the national debt by urging Congress to repeal all direct taxes. |
|
|
Term
| What was Jefferson's controversy with the federal bench? |
|
Definition
| • Jefferson’s congressional allies called for repeal of the Judiciary Act, but by repealing the Judiciary Act, the legislative branch would be dismissing judges without a trial, which was unconstitutional. |
|
|
Term
| How did the US profit from the European rivalry between France and Britain? |
|
Definition
| ° The US profited from European adversity as “neutral carriers,” American ships transported goods to any power in the world where they could find a buyer. → Captains conducted “broken voyages”. |
|
|
Term
| What was Britain's Orders in Council? |
|
Definition
| The Orders in Council forbade neutral commerce with the Continent and threatened seizure of any ship that violated the orders, but they lacked the resources to enforce those blockades. |
|
|
Term
| What was France's the Berlin Decree and the Milan Decree? |
|
Definition
| The decrees closed all Continental ports to British trades and neutral vessels carrying British goods were liable to seizure. |
|
|
Term
| What did the Embargo Act entail? |
|
Definition
° “Peaceful Coercion” → if Britain and France refused to respect the rights of neutral carriers, then the US would keep its ships at home. This protected them from seizure and deprived the European powers of needed American goods.
• The embargo would soon force Britain and France to negotiate with the US.
* Neither Britain or France showed the slightest interest in respecting American neutral rights and the US failed to develop its military strength. |
|
|
Term
| What did Macon's Bill Number Two do? |
|
Definition
| The legislation reestablished trade with both European countries and stated that as soon as either of these states repealed restrictions on neutral shipping, the US government promised to halt all commerce with the other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| War Hawks called for action, for resistance to Britain, for any course that promised to achieve respect for the US and security for tis republican institutions. → Spoke of honor and pride, mostly Republicans. |
|
|
Term
| How did the Hartford Convention bring down the Federalist party? |
|
Definition
Moderate Federalists gathered to discuss relations between their region and the federal government.
1. New England congressmen were tired of the 3/5 rule that gave southern slaveholders a disproportionately large voice in the House.
2. Limit each president to a single term.
3. 2/3 majority be necessary before Congress could declare war, pass commercial regulations, or admit new states to the Union.
°Republicans in Congress accused the New Englanders of disloyalty, this accelerated the demise of the Federalist Party. |
|
|
Term
| What was the Treaty of Ghent? |
|
Definition
| Britain vs. The US. Neither side surrendered territory, but agreed to stop fighting, postponing the vexing issues of neutral rights. |
|
|
