Pronounce

a, e, i, o, u

as short vowels

Pronounce

a, e, i, o, u

as long vowels

long vowels are the same as short vowels but twice as long

Pronounce the six diphthongs:

ai, oi, ui, au, eu, iu

ai, oi, ui, au, eu, iu (or ui)

Besides the 6 pairs (ai, oi, ui, au, eu, iu),

all other vowel pairs should be pronounced separately with two syllables.

Pronounce the voiceless stops

t, ty, p, c/k, qu

example: tinco, tyelpe, parma, calma, quesse

Pronounce the voiced stops of

d, dy, b, g, gw, ng

example: ando, indyo, umbar, anga, ungwe

Pronounce

hy and hw

hy = h as in huge or Ich

hw = as in hwhat or hwhy

If it ends with -a, -o, -i, -u, or -ie,

how do you make it plural?

If it ends with -e,

how do you make it plural?

If it ends with a consonant,

how do you make it plural?

i before the noun

i aran / i arani = the king / the kings

There are two types of verbs,

the basic or primary verbs

and

the derived verbs.

Most basic verbs end in a ____?

Consonant

example: mer- (to wish)

                   quet- (to speak)

There are two types of verbs,

the basic or primary verbs

and

the derived verbs.

Most derived verbs end in a ____?

-ya, -ta, -na, -da, or sometimes -a

example: lelya- (to go) ends with -ya

                     hauta- (to stop) ends with -ta

(but ending with -a doesn't always mean it's a derived verb; there are exceptions)

When conjugating,

something happens to

the stem vowel of the verb.

How do you find the stem vowel

in a basic verb?

The stem vowel in a basic verb

is the only vowel in that verb.

example: mer- (to wish) the "e" is the stem vowel

When conjugating,

something happens to the stem vowel of the verb.

How do you find the stem vowel of a derived verb?

For derived verbs, the final -a is never part of the stem.

Drop the final -a. The other vowel that remains is the stem vowel.

example: lanta- (to fall). The first "a" is the stem vowel.

enquanta- (to refill). The second to last vowel is the stem vowel.

If the verb has a prefix, like enquanta- (to refill), after you drop the final "a", there are two vowels left over. The stem vowel is the second to last vowel ("a"), since "en" is a prefix and isn't a part of the stem. (The "u" of "enquanta" doesn't count as a vowel since qu is inseparable to form the sound "cw").

Choose the best answer

The present tense in Quenya is used to express:

a) ongoing actions

b) habits

c) occupations

d) timeless truths

a) ongoing actions

The present tense is only used for continuous action at that moment

example: I am now going to school.

I am now fighting for Gandalf.

You would not translate the present tense as "I go to school" or "I work for Gandalf."

How do you create the present tense

with a basic verb?

Lengthen/stress the sound of the

stem vowel and add -a to the end.

tir- (to watch) --> tira (is watching) teeera

tul- (to come) --> tula (is coming) tooola

How do you create the present tense

for a derived verb?

Replace the final -a with -ea (pronounce the e and a separately, like ayah). If only one consonant is between the stem vowel and -ea, then lengthen the sound of the stem vowel.

ora- (to urge) --> orea (is urging) ohhhrayah

only the r separates the stem vowel o and the ending, so the o is lengthened.

HOWEVER, do not lengthen the stem vowel for:

lanta (to fall) --> lantea (is falling) lantehyah

lelya- (to go) --> lelyea (is going) lelyeyah

because nt and ly separate the stem vowel from the ending. You only lengthen the sound of the stem vowel if one consonant separates the stem vowel from the ending.

lasse (lasseh) (singular)

lassi (plural)

Choose the best answer

When a word ends with an "e:"

a) Pronounce the "e"

b) The "e" is silent

a) Always pronounce the e!

leaf = lasse (lasseh)

Translate: a leaf is falling.

(hint: leaf = lasse

to fall = lanta)

lasse lantea

(lasseh lantehya)

If the subject is plural,

how do you make the verb plural?

add the plural ending of -r to the verb.

tul- (to come) (basic verb)-->

tula (is coming)

tular (are coming)

lanta (to fall) (derived verb)-->

lantea (is falling) lante-ah-->

lantear (are falling) lante-ar

Translate: leaves are falling.

(hint: leaves = lassi

to fall = lanta-)

lassi lantear

(lassi lante-ar)

Translate: the king is coming.

(hint: king = aran

to come = tul-)

i  aran tula.

(ee aran tooola)

remember to stress the u

of tula because it is the stem vowel.

neri lelyear

(neri lelye-ar)

-t

example:

leaf and tree are falling --> lasse ar alda lanteat

lanta (to fall) (derived verb)-->

lantea (is falling) -->

lanteat (dual verb ending)

Translate: king and queen are coming

(hint: king = aran

queen = tari

to come = tul-)

aran ar tari tulat

tul- (to come) (basic verb)-->

tula (is coming) -->

tulat (dual verb ending)

Usually, the subject of the verb is expressed as a separate word (a leaf is falling = lasse lantea).

But when a pronoun is the subject, you add another ____ to the verb.

                                   Singular                 Plural

I                                     -n                       -----

You (familiar)                  -t                           -l

You (formal)                   -l                            -l

He/She/It                       -s                           -t (they)

tulan

(toooolan)

Translate:

you (all) are watching (formal).

(to watch = tir-)

tiral

(teeeral)

lanteas

(lan-teh-as)