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| structural support for neurons |
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- insulate neurons
- help supply nutrients to neurons
- help remove waste material from neurons
- also involved in neural communicatio
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| a nerve cell; the basic building block of nervous system |
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| receives signals from outside the nervous system |
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| carries information from nervous system to muscles and glands |
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| communicate only with other neurons (human brain consists mostly of interneurons) |
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| receive messages from other cells |
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| the cell's life support system |
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| transmit messages away from cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands |
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- fatty tissue encasing the fibers of many neurons.
- speeds up transmission of neural signal
- Loss of myelin can result in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
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Definition
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| At rest, which side of the axon (inside or outside) is more positive? |
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| The outside is positive at rest (no signal) |
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Definition
- a brief reversal in an axon's electrical charge
- outside becomes negative and inside becomes positive
- this is the neural message
- travels down axon
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| What is the fastest speed at which the human action potential travels? |
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Definition
- brief period (1-2 milliseconds) after an action potential, during which another action potential can NOT occur
- prevents action potential from going toward the cell body
- limits action potential to 1000 per second
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Definition
- either the axon fires or it does not (action potential or no action potential)
- no big action potentials or small action potential (all the same size)
- message is the number of firings per second
- speed is how fast they go
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| How are action potentials started (summing of inhibitory and excitatory signals)? |
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Definition
| inhibitory signals decrease the likelihood of an action potential. excitatory signals increase the likelihood of action potentials. |
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Definition
| level of excitation necessary to start an action potential |
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| chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic cleft between neurons (brain messages) |
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| a chemical that facilitates that action of a neurotransmitter (increase) |
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| a chemical that blocks or inhibits the effect of a neurotransmitter (decrease) |
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| the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron |
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| protein molecule on the dendrite or cell body of a neuron that will interact only with specific neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| small sacs that store neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter is transported back to the sending neuron for recycling |
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| How are acetylcholine and voluntary muscles related? |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter between motor neurons and skeletal muscles. skeletal muscles require voluntary muscles for movement. involved in attention, arousal, and memory. |
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| Acetylcholine and Alzheimer's Disease? |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine neurons die off in Alzheimer's Disease. |
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| bond of tissue between the two hemispheres binding them together |
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| primary visual cortex located at the back of the head |
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| sensory cortex located in the front part of the brain |
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| motor cortex that initiates movement (broca's area) |
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| primary auditory cortex processes high levels of hearing (wernicke's area) |
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| the person can articulate speech but they have poor comprehension of their words |
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| the 2 hemispheres are isolated by cutting their connecting fibers (corpus callosum) done on epileptics said to stop the bouncing between hemispheres which stopped the seizures. this operation showed what we see on the left goes to the right hemisphere and what we ee on the right goes to our left hemisphere. |
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Definition
| language functioning, logic (math), |
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| subtitles of language, solving word problems involving insight, spatial, music, visual |
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| there are better ways to describe ability and personality than from hemispherical differences |
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| a bar of iron entered under the left cheek bone and exited through the top of the head. he was immediately able to sit up and speak. he recovered but he personality was altere. his mental abilities and memories were fine. |
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| anonymous memory impaired man with one of the worst cases of amnesia. he had surgery that was supposed to help his epilepsy.Tissue was removed from the anterior (front) tips of the temporal lobes on the medial (inner) surface of the brain.H. M. had been left with profound anterograde amnesia and partial retrograde amnesia. To this day, he has no memory of anything that has happened since he underwent surgery, and cannot acquire new factual knowledge about the world around him. showed where our memory is. |
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| neurons clustered into work groups |
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| brain organization and handedness |
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Definition
| the jist is that a major population of the world is right handed. about 90-10%. right-handers work from their left brains(typically bigger). lefty's from the right. |
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| the body's "slow" chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
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Definition
| chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues |
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| the endocrine system's most influencial gland. under the influence of the hypothalamus the pituitary regulates growth and controls the other endocrine glands. |
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