Began the 1st wave of women's movement

Declaration of Sentiments and resolutions was written (based of dec of indep) which asserted women's equality to men and boldly proclaimed women should gain the right to vote

2nd wave

prohibited employers from discriminating against employees or potential employees based on gender

Current

Backlash against 2nd wave feminism

disowned the term "feminist"

Some believe women have achieved equality

beliefs about women that seem positive on the surface but on a deeper level they serve to justify the 2nd class status of women

Positive attitudes toward women who fit very traditional gender roles

attitudes or beliefs that are used to maintain the status of non-dominant groups

propagated through pop culture, religious stories, mythology and symbolism

examines existing relationships

no variables

surveys

Freud

sex-biased theory

when young girls discover they do not have a penis they blame their mothers and this angry leads them to fall in love with their dad but they cant have their father so they marry and have a child to make up for it

XXY genotype

born with normal genital but different genetic make up

people with gender identity disorder

either born as males and believe they are females ro vice versa

social learning practice

refers to the manipulation of a behavior by the stimuli (or consequences) that follow it

subtypes include:

positive reinforcement & punishment

occurs when the presentation of a stimulus increases the liklihood that someone will repeat that behavior

Dressing up in heels then getting compliments..compliments increase the likelihood i will wear them again

if i do not get compliments, i might wear sweatpants next time

occurs whenthe presentation of a stimulus decreases the likelihood that someone will repeat a behavior

ex: if i chose to wear sweatpants to a wedding i would receive strong social disapproval and this would decrease the likelihood that i would wear sweatpants to a wedding in the future

happens when people acquire behaviors they have seen from other people

a daughter tries to put on make up when she sees her mother doing it

suggests that people begin to acquire gender relevant schema at early ages

kids use them to understand and organize info about their own gender and to shape their own identities

people who have elaborate gender schemas and rely on them more heavily than others

gender strongly influences how they process info, how they view the world and how they behave

measures the degree of feminity, masculinity or androgyny that a person exhibits

rates feminity and masculinity seperately

you can be highly feminine and highly masculine

culturally prescribed ideal appearance for women that emphasize extreme thinness

barbie, fashion dolls express it

period of dramatic hormonal, psychological and bodily change

girls (8-16)

earlier than boys

gain secondary characteristics

gain body fat

hips widen

breasts enlarge

nipples darker and more pronounced

pubic and underarm hair

acne

body odor

first menstruation

some cultures it is celebrated

western culture is usually not

years following teh onset of puberty

period of pre-adulthood in wihch older kids become increasingly indepedent and sexual

girls become increasingly adherent to gender roles in adolescence:focusing on appearance and abandoning previously enjoyed "masculine" pursuits (sports, etc)

increased emphasis on appearance, and newfound dissatisfcation with appearance and body size

basis for recommendations that women stay in bed and refrain from exerting themselves while menstruating becauwe they belived women were uvlnerable and ill during their period

used to justify keeping women out of higher education

groups of gender schema that are shared by many people

ex: women are shorter than men

the treatment or perception of a person as an object rather than as an individual

as sexual objects, just body parts, devoid of personality, feelings or thoughts

an effect of objectification

girls and women will start to think of themsleves as objects

will view themselves from the outside in with great concern for how they appear and less concern about how they feel

experiencing the world inside one's own skin, in the moment, as opposed to looking at oneself as if from afar

ex: pleasure at the feeling of warm sand udner your feet; enjoyment of the flavor and texture of biting a ripe peach; senstaion of an orgasm

women are typically view from a male perspective

evident in mass media--films and tv

ex: camera is angled down at female

male occupies more space

female nudity is present or implied when it does not serve the plot

women's breasts displayed prominently

form of objectification

images focus more on male faces and women's bodies

images of women in strange, contorted, and uncomfortable lookikng positions

employs vacant states

send messgaes of submissiveness, low status, and masochism

middle-aged and older women are simply not present in tv and film

but

older men are represented as powerful, wise, and attractive

audio, visual or written materials that combine sex with degradation or violence (typically against women)

portrayed thru male gaze

socially propagated beliefs about female-male relations that make rape seem uniimportant or even acceptable

violent porn endorses it

refers to materials that contain nudity or consensual acts of sexuality and are designed to elicit sexual arousal

does not have negative effects on male attitudes toward women

the simple idea that the pay for a given job should be the same whether it is done by a man or a woman

problem: women are still in lower paying jobs

the idea that jobs with similar requirements and value should pay similarly

i.e: rating the job in terms of skill and education workload, etc. then give each job a score and each score pays a certain salary

teaching

secretarial work

waiting tables

nursing

hosuekeeping

tendency for women to become stagnated in the lowest paying jobs

poor women are often stuck in low-paying jbos and have no opportunities or resources to assist them in moving upward

people similar to oneself who are successful and visible in a given area

they allow people to picture themselves in positions they might not otherwise consider

established people who are active in helping less established people achieve their goals

reltaionships with mentors are associated with:

increased job satisfaction

likelihood of staying in a job

mentors introduce their protegees to informal social networks embedded in the workplace

type of sexual harrassment

involve men making unwanted sexual gestures toward female employees or creating an atmosphere that is somehow threatening or offesive to women

commenting on female bodies

presence of porn

values women as important and worthwhile human being

recognizes the need for social change if women are to lead secure and satisfying live

generally:: women are valuable and that social change to benefit women is needed

emphasizes that there are many kinds of divisions between groups of people that can lead to oppression

differential treatment according to one's sex, race or social class reinforces each other so poor woman of color is triply wrong

emphasizes male control and domination of women throughout history

sees the control of women by men as the first and most fundamental form of oppression

it relies on deeply held American beliefs about equality

believes that woman are entitled to full legal and social equality with men and who favors chagnes in laws, customs, and values to achieve equality

emphasizes differences between women and men

stresses that qualities characteristic of women have been devalued and should be honored and respected in society

attitudes, values and beliefs that serve to justify hierarchial social practices

many emphasize that women are fundamentally different for men

gender can do this

expectations can make the expected events come true

men do this more

active attempts to end the other speakers turn and take over the conversation

danmed if you do...damned if you dont

subordinates endure this:: act dominant and get criticized..act as good subordinate and get criticized