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Definition
| A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood. |
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| The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion. |
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| The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. |
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| A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. |
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| The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. |
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| A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid. |
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| The major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. |
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| Empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy. |
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| adaptation-level phenomenon |
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Definition
| Our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a natural level defined by our past experiences. |
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| Compulsive drug craving and use. |
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| Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal if suspended, and a drive to continue use. |
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| Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. |
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| An eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight. |
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| Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. |
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| Drugs used to treat depression and some anxiety disorders. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters. |
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Definition
| Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe disorders. |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
| A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. |
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Definition
| Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. |
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| A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. |
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| Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement. |
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Definition
| The body's resting rate of energy output. |
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| Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. |
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Definition
| Significant binge eating, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa. |
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Definition
| Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology. |
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Definition
| A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. |
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Definition
| An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), fasting, or excessive exercise. |
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Definition
| Emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges. |
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Definition
| A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening with a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to promote clients' growth. |
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Definition
| Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and out emotional reactions. |
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Term
| cognitive-behavioral therapy |
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Definition
| A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy. |
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Definition
| A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. |
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Definition
| False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany schizophrenia and other disorders. |
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Definition
| Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. |
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Definition
| Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separates from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. |
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Term
| dissociative identity disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. |
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Definition
| An aroused, motivated state often created when the body is deprived of some substance it needs. |
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Definition
| The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates us to satisfy the need. |
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Definition
| An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. |
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Term
| electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
| A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient. |
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Definition
| A response of the whole organism, involving (1) bodily arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience. |
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Definition
| Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid. |
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Definition
| The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness. |
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Definition
| Therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members. |
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Term
| feel-good, do-good phenomenon |
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Definition
| Our tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood. |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, fearful, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. |
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Definition
| The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. |
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Definition
| Psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. |
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Definition
| Maslow's pyramid of human needs; at the base are physiological needs. These basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, and then psychological needs, become active. |
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Definition
| A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. |
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Definition
| In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. |
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Definition
| A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling center of the inner brain. |
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Term
| major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence or drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. |
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Definition
| A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. |
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Definition
| The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital. |
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Definition
| A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels. |
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Definition
| Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. |
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Definition
| A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. |
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Definition
| An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. |
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Definition
| A stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco. |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions. |
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Definition
| Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. |
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Definition
| Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation. |
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Definition
| A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. |
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Definition
| A basic bodily requirement. |
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Term
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Definition
| A machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures some bodily responses (such as changes in perspiration, heart rate, and breathing) accompanying emotion. |
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Term
| post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed that the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. |
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Definition
| A Freud-influence perspective that sees behavior, thinking, and emotions in terms of unconscious motives. |
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Definition
| A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotion. |
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Definition
| Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. |
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Definition
| Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. |
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Definition
| Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves. |
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Term
| repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) |
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Definition
| The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. |
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Definition
| The personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalysis, the clocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. |
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Definition
| A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. |
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Definition
| The point at which your "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight. |
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Definition
| Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate our quality of life. |
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Term
| substance-related disorders |
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Definition
| A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias. |
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Term
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Definition
| An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for privileges or treats. |
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Definition
| The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| Schachter and Singer's theory that to experience emotion we must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal. |
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Term
| unconditional positive regard |
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Definition
| A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance. |
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Term
| virtual reality exposure therapy |
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Definition
| An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. |
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Term
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Definition
| The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. |
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