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| Absolute Refractory Period |
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| time during which another action potential is impossible; limits maximal firing rate (part of neuron communication) |
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| neurotransmitter used to control activity, including movement, memory, attention, and dreaming |
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| regenerative electrical impulse that travels down the axon and allows neurons to communicate |
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| tissue locater in top of the kidneys that release adrenaline and cortison during states of emotional arousal |
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part of the limic system that plays key roles in fear,excitement, and arousal
(regulates fear and anger) |
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| serious speech deficit that renders a person unable to communicate effectively |
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| regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions |
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| part of the peripheral nervous system controlling the involuntary action of our internal organs and glands, which (along with the limbic system) participates with emotion |
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| part of the peripheral nervous system controlling the involuntary action of our internal organs and glands, which (along with the limbic system) participates with emotion |
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| portions of neurons that send signals |
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part of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex that contains the medulla, midbrain, and pons
(responsible for basic metabolic processes) |
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| language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech/language production |
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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| part of nervous system containing brain and spinal cord that enables mind and behavior |
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small cerebrum in hind brain
(responsible for our sense of balance, walking, and coordinated activity)
connected via the pons to the cerebral cortex |
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| outermost part of forebrain, responsible for analyzing sensory processing and higher brain functions |
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| CT scan, a scanning technique using multiple x-rays to construct 3D images |
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large band of fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
(aids in the communication between the L and R brain hemispheres) |
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| portions of neurons that receive signals |
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| genes that mask other genes' effects |
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| neurotransmitter that plays a key role in movement and reward |
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| (EEG), recording of the brains' electrical activity at the surface of the skull |
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| system of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood-borne chemical messengers |
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| chemicals in the brain that play a specialized role in pain reduction |
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| organisms' capacity to pass on their genes |
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| forward part of the brain that allows advanced intellectual abilities; also known as the cerebrum |
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| forward part of the cerebral cortex containing the motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex; responsible for motor function, language and memory |
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| (fMRI) technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity |
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| genetic material, composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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part of the brain that plays a role in spatial memory, in midbrain
(***functions to move short term memory to long term memory) |
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| blood-borne chemical that influences target tissues and glands |
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| part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state (eg. regulate water intake, endocrine system, appetite) |
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| neurons that send messages to other neurons nearby and stimulate neurons |
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| area of damage due to surgery, injury, or disease |
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| emotional center of brain that also plays roles in smell, motivation and memory |
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| magnetic resonance imaging |
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(MRI), technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure
(structural view of brain, 100x more clear than CT scan) |
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| part of brain stem involved in vital functions, such as heartbeat and breathing/respiration (reflex centers for automatic functions) |
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part of the brain stem that lies between the forebrain and hindbrain. It helps to control head and neck reflexes and modulate motor activity
(one structure is the limbic system, that influences emotions, memory, and other metabolic functions) |
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| part of frontal lobe responsible for body movement |
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| glial cell-wrappers around axons that act as insulators of the neuron's signal |
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| principle that organisms that possess adaptations survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other organisms |
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| nerve cells specialized for communication (in nervous system) |
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| chemical messengers specialized for communication and released at the synapse |
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| back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision |
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| part of autonomic nervous system that controls rest and digestion |
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| upper middle part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe specialized for touch and perception |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| (PNS) nerves in the body that extend outside the central nervous system(CNS) |
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| master gland, which, under the control of the hypothalamus, directs the other glands of the body (master gland) |
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part of the hindbrain that connects the cerebral cortex with cerebellum
(work with cerebellum to regulate and coordinate body movement) |
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| positron emission tomography |
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| (PET) imaging technique that measures uptake of glucoselike molecules, yielding a picture of regional metabolic activity in brain in different regions |
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| part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language |
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| locations that uniquely recognize a neurotransmitter |
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| genes that are expressed only in the absence of a dominant gene |
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| an automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus like muscle stretch |
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| electrical charge difference (-70millivolts) across the neuronal membrane, when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited |
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| reticular activating system (RAS)/ reticular formation |
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Definition
group of neurons in the brain stem that plays a key role in arousal
(sends message up and out of brian for awake or asleep mode) |
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| means of recycling neurotransmitters |
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| regions of the cerebral cortex devoted to vision, touch, hearing, balance, taste, and smell |
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| part of the peripheral nervous system carrying messages from the CNS through the body to control movement |
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| procedure that involves severing the corpus callosum to reduce the spread of epileptic seizures |
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| part of the autonomic nervous system engaged during a crisis, or after actions requiring flight |
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| space between two connecting neurons through which messages are transmitted |
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| space between two connecting neurons where neurotransmitters are released |
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| spherical sacs containing neurotransmitters |
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| lower part of cerebral cortex below the temples, which plays roles in hearing, understanding lang. (speech comprehension), and memory |
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part of the brain that processes sensory information and serves as a gateway to the cerebral cortex
(relays info for fine motor movements?) |
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| membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential |
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part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding (processing) speech
(Prof. says this area is between temporal and Parietal lobe) |
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(glia) provide supportive matrix for neurons
function to guide neurons, insulation(myelin sheath for long nerves), prevent toxic substances (blood brain barrier), help concentrate neurotransmitters ( aid communication) |
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| area where myelin sheath pinches down, leaving part of the axon exposed. Functions to increase the action potential of the impulse/message, |
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| absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| no firing potential of cell, bc potassium is leaving the cell) |
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| relative refractory period |
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Definition
| cell could, under high levels of stimulation, refire another impulse (if/when the sodium ions enter the cell) |
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| Area is located in the frontal lobe and is responsible for movement |
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| Area is located in the temporal lobe and is responsible for hearing info and processing |
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| Area is located in the occipital lobe and is responsible for visual info and processing |
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| Primary somatosensory area |
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Definition
Area is Located in the Parietal Lobe
(function |
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Definition
a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary somatosensory area from the primary motor area.
(function |
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| structures in the forebrain that help to control movement |
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