Term
|
Definition
| in an axon, the change in charge that occurs when the gates of the K+ channels close and the gates of the Na+ channels open after a wave of depolarization is triggered (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in vertebrates, the division of the peripheral nervous system that is under involuntary control; regulated glandular secretions and the function of smooth and cardiac muscle; compare somatic system (11.1, 11.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long, cylindrical extension of a neuron's cell body that can range from 1 mm to 1 m in length; transmits impulses away from the cell body along its length to the next neuron (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protective barrier formed by glial cells and blood vessels that separates the blood from the central nervous sytem; selectively controls the entrance of substances into the brain from the blood (11.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of two important areas on the left side of the cerebral cortex; coordinates the muscles for speaking and translates thought into speech; damage to this area results in an inability to speak but does not affect the understanding of language; compare Wernicke's area (11.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the main part of a neuron, containing the nucleus and other organelles and serving as the site of the cell's metabolic reactions; processes input from the dendrites and, if the input received is large enough, relays it to the axon, where an impules is initiated (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the hindbrain involved in the unconscious coordination of posture, reflexes, and body movements, as well as find, voluntary motor skills (11.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thin outer covering of grey matter that covers each cerebral hemisphere of the brain; responsible for language, memory, personality, conscious though, and other activities that are associated with thinking and feeling (11.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the largest part of the brain, divided into right and left cerebra; hemispheres, which contains the centres for intellect, memory, consciousness, and language; interprets and controls the response to sensory information (11.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in a synapse (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short, branching terminal on a nerve cell (neuron) that receives signals from other neurons or snesory receptors and relays the impulse to the cell body; numerous and highly branched (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in a neuronal membrane, reducing a membrane potential to less than the resting potential of -70mV (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of four lobes into which each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is divided; integrates information from other parts of the brain and controls reasoning, critical thinking, memory, and personality; the Broca's area of the frontal lobes is associated with language use; as well, contains motor areas control various aspects of precise, voluntary movement (11.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| support cell of the nervous system that nourishes neurons (nerve-impulse conducting, cells removes their wastes, defends against infection, and provides a supporting framework for all the nervous system tissue (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the nervous system that contains mostly cell bodies, dendrites, and short, unmyelinated nerve fibres; brownish-grey in colour; forms the outer areas of the brain and the H-shaped core of the spinal cord; compare white matter (11.1, 11.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment(11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of the forebrain just below the cerebral hemispheres, under the thalamus; a centre of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the integration and correlation of many neural and endocrine functions; helps to regulate the body's internal environment, as well as certain aspects of behaviour; coordinates the actions of the piruitary gland by producing and regulatin the release of certain hormones (11.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the hindbrain attached to the spinal cord at the base of the brainstem; controls automatic, involuntary responses, such as heart rate, constriction or dilation of blood vessels to control blood pressure, and the rate and depth of breathing, swallowing, and coughing (11.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three layers of tough, elastic tissue within the skull and spinal column which directly enclose the brain and spinal cord (11.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the brain found above the pons in the brainstem; relays visual and auditory information between areas of the hindbrain and forebrain, and plays an important role in eye movement and control of skeletal muscles (11.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fatty, insulating layer around the axon of a nerve cell, composed of Schwan cells; protects myelinated neurons and speeds the rate of nerve impulse transmission (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| message pathway of the nervous sytems; made up of many neurons grouped into bundles and surrounded by protective connective tissue (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in animals, system made up of cells and organs that let an animal detect changes and respond to them; made up of the brain and spinal cord, as well as the nerves that emerge from them and connect them to the rest of the body(11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nerve cell; the structural and functional unit of the nervous system, consisting of a nucleus, cell body, dendrites, axons, and a myelin sheath; specialized to resond to physical and chemical stimuli, to conduct electrochemical signals, and to release chemicals that regulate various body processes (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical messenger secreted by neurons to carry a neural signal from one neuron to another, or from a neuron to an effector, such as a gland or muscle fibre (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gap in the myelin sheath insulating the axon of a myelinated nerve cell; the membrane of the axon is exposed and action potentials occur only at these nodes; nerve impulses jump from one node of Ranvier to the next (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| see norepinephrine (11.3, 13.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotransmitter released by sympathetic neurons of the autonomic system to produce an excitatory efffect on target muscles; also a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla along with epinephrine to function in the short-term stress response; also known as noradrenaline (11.3, 13.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of four lobes into which each hempishpere of the cerebal cortex is divided; receives and analyzes visual information, and is needed for recognition of what is being seen (11.2) |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
| division of the autonomic system that regulates involuntary processes in the body; works in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system; typically activated when the body is calm and at rest (11.2, 11.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of four lobes into which each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is divided; receives and processes senory information from the skin, and helps to process information about the body's position and orientation (11.2) |
|
|
Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
|
Definition
| network of nerves that carry sensory messages to the central nervous sytem (CNS) and send information from the CNS to the muscles and glands; consists of the autonomic and somatic system (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lowering the membrane potential of the cell below its equilibrium value; in nerves, the process of generating a resting membrane potential of -70mV (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the hindbrain found above and in front of the medulla oblongata in the brainstem; serves as a relay centre between the neurons of the right and left halves of the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the rest of the brain (11.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the difference in the potential energy per unit of charge of an object due to its position or condition; potential difference is like an electrical pressure' that pushes charges along a circuit; also referred to as voltage (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple connection of neurons that results in a reflex action in response to a stimulus (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the brief time ( a few milliseconds) between the triggering of an impulse along an axon and the axon's readiness for the next impulse; during this time, the axon cannot transmit an impulse (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| return of a nerve to its resting potential following depolarization (11.1) |
|
|
Term
| Resting Membrane Potential |
|
Definition
| potential difference across the membrane in a resting neuron (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to the "jumping" of action potentials from one node of Ranvier to the next due to the myelin sheath (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of insulating cell that wraps around the axon of a neuron, creating a myelin sheath (11.1) |
|
|
Term
| Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump |
|
Definition
| system involving a carrier protein in the plasma membrane that uses the energy of ATP to transport sodium ions out of and potassium ions into animal cells; important in nerve and muscle cells (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in vertebrates, division of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscle; conducts signals form the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles and signals from the sensory recptors in the body to the central nervous system; conpare autonomic system (11.1, 11.3) |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
Definition
| division of the autonomic system that regulates involuntary processes in the body; works in opposition to the parasympathetic nervous system; typically activated in stress related situations; compare parasympathetic nervous system (11.1, 11.3) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector (muscle or gland) (11.1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sensory gland centre at the base of the forebrain that governs the flow of information from all other parts of the nervous system, mainly between the forebrain and hindbrain, and between areas of the sensory system (except for the sense of smell) and cerebellum(11.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one of four lobes into which each hemishpere of the cerebral cortex is divided; shares in the processing of visual information but its main function is auditory reception; also linked to understanding speech and retrieving visual and verbal memories (11.2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a neurol membrane, the minimum change in the membrane potential required to generate an action potential; usually -55mV (11.1) |
|
|
