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term often used to refer to the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder, because their role in the process of digestion is vital, but they are not physically part of the digestive tract (6.2) |
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enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into simpler sugars (6.2) |
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eating disorder characterized by a morbid fear of gaining weight and a misconception of body image;sufferers starve themselves and typically have a body mass less than 85% of their normal mass. (6.3) |
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the amount of a nutrient that a person absorbs from a source, rather than the total amount actually in the source (6.2) |
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smooth, lump - like mass of food rolled by the tongue to aid swallowing (6.2) |
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enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of carbohydrates (6.2) |
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organic macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; examples include monosaccharides, disccharides, and polysaccharides (6.1) |
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chemical that speed up a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction (6.1) |
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cholecystokinin; one of three enzymes (including secretin and GIP) secreted into the bloodstream by the duodenum, causing inhibition of stomach movement and secretions, and enabling fatty meals to remain in the stomach longer than non-fatty meals; also stimulates increased pancreatic secretions of digestive enzymes and gall bladder contractions(6.2) |
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thick liquid formed by mixing food with gastric juice in the stomach (6.2) |
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a disorder of the liver in which scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and prevents the liver from functioning properly (6.3) |
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chemical needed to make enzymes function (6.1) |
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molecule that is able to bind with the active site of an enzyme, thus competing with the substrate to occupy this active site; if the inhibitor is plentiful, it will occup the active site, blocking the substrate from binding and stopping enzyme activity; compare non-competitive inhibitor (6.1) |
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Definition
chemical reaction that results in the formation of a covalent bond between two subunit molecules by the removal of an -OH (hydroxyl) group from one subunit and a hydrogen atom from the other subunit; essentially, a molecule of water (H2O) is removed; compare hydrolysis (6.1) |
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to alter the natural structural state of molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins, thereby disrupting their biological activity (6.1) |
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in animals, the system into which food is taken and broken down so that useful substances can be absorbed into and transported by the circulatory (blood) system to individual cells (6.2) |
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in animals, a long tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, through which food moves and is broken down into simpler compounds that are used for energy, growth, and cell repair (6.2) |
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sugar that can be hydrolysized in two monosaccharide subunits; examples include maltose and sucrose (6.1) |
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molecule that acts aas a catalyst to increase the rate of a reaction (6.1) |
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a muscular ring between the esophagus and the stomach that controls the movement of food into and out of the stomach |
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muscular portion of the digestive tract that directs food from the mouth to the stomach (6.2) |
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refers to the any of the nine of twenty amino acids that must come from the diet because the human body cannot synthesize them (6.1) |
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lipid that is usually of animal origin and solid at room temperature (6.1) |
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organ that stores bile produced by the liver (6.2) |
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| small, hard mass that forms in the gall bladder when cholesterol precipitates out of the bile and forms crystals that grow in size (6.3) |
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stomach hormone that stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and the inactive precursor molecule of pepsin from glands in the stomach (6.2) |
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| gastric inhibitory peptide; one of three enzymes (including secretin and CCk) secreted into the bloodstream by the duodenum, causing inhibition of stomach movement and secretions, and enabling fatty meals to remain in the stomach longer than non-fatty meals (6.2) |
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| inflammation of theliver tissue; the three types are hepatitis A,B, and C (6.3, 14.2) |
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chemcial reaction in which the addition of a water moleculecleaves a macromolecule into sununits; one hydrogen atom from water is attached to one subunit anda hydroxyl group is bonded to the other subunit, breaking a covalent bond in the macromolecule; compare dehydration synthesis (6.1) |
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InflammatoryBowel Disease |
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| general name for a disease that causes inflammation in the intestines (bowels); examples are Crohn's disease and colitis (6.3) |
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| final portion of the digestive sytem; about 1.5m long, and wider in diameter than the small intestine; comprised of the caecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal; main function is to concentrate and eliminate waste materials(6.2) |
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the first 25cm of the small intestine; important site of chemical digestion of chyme from the stomach (6.2) |
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molecule that attaches to an enzyme and reduces its ability to bind substrate; two classes are competitive and non-competitive inhibitors(6.1) |
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group of organic macromolucules, including fats, oils, phospholids, and steroids, that is insoluble in water, but soluble in a non-polar, organic substance (6.1) |
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| organ found in the abdomen that performs hundreds of functions as an accessory organ of the digestive system, including the secretion of bile to digest fats; other functions include plasma protein production, blood detoxification, and glycogen storage (6.2) |
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| a large, complex assemb;y of organic molecules; four categories of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucliec acids (6.1) |
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| microscopic projection found along exposed cell surfaces that greatly increases the surface area of the cell; found on the villi of the small intestine and on the membrances of certain cells (6.2) |
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| inorganic compound required in trace amounts for normal metabolism (6.1) |
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| simple sugar that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars; for example glucose, fructose, and galactose (6.1) |
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| opening through which an animal takes in food and water (6.2) |
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| Non-Competitive Inhibitor |
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Definition
| a molecule that, upon binding with an enzyme, prevents the enzyme from binding to a substrate by changing the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme and its active site; does not bind with the active site directly; compare competitive inhibitor (6.1) |
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| enzyme that hydrolyses the bonds between nucleotides in nucleic acids (6.2) |
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| macromolecule formed from a long chain of nulceotide subunits, each consisting of a five-carbon simple sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phospahte group; two types include DNA and RNA (6.1) |
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| condition in which body mass is 20 percent or more above what is considered to be an ideal body mass for a person's height (6.3) |
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| protein-digesting enzyme secreted in the stomach; remains inactive until hydrochloric is present (6.2) |
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| bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another in a protein (6.1) |
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wave-like series of muscular contractions and relaxations of the curcular and longitudinal muscles that surround the various parts of the digestive tract; aids the movement of food through the digestive tract (6.2) |
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| complex carbohydrate consisting of many simple sugars linked together; examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen (6.1) |
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| enzyme that hydrolyzes the peptide bonds that link amino acids in proteins and peptides (6.2) |
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| organic macromolecule assembled from subunits of amino acids (6.1) |
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| muscular ring that acts as a vlave between the stomach and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), controlling the passage of food out of the stomach (6.2) |
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| watery secretion of the salivary glands; in addition to containing a starch-digesting enzyme, helps lubricate food for easier swallowing (6.2) |
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| one of three enzymes ( including CCk and GIP) secreted into the bloodstream by the duodenum, causing inhibition of stomach movement and secretions, and enabling fatty meals to remain in the stomach longer that non-fatty meals; also stimulates the pancreas to release more bicarbonate to neutrlaize acidic chime (6.2) |
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| a process by which some physical digestion occurs in the small intestine; chyme sloshes back and forth between segments of the small intestine that form when bands of circular muscle breifly contract (6.2) |
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| of the digestive tract between the stomach and the large intestine; narrower in diameter than the large intestine, it is comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; main function is to complete the digestion of macromolecules and to absorb their component subunits (6.2) |
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| "J" shaped sac lying between the esphagus and the small intestine whose muscles and secretions work to physically and chemically break down food and push it into the small intestine; also stores food (6.2) |
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| substance upon which an enzyme acts (6.1) |
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| high-energy organic molecule composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules; main component of fats and oils (6.1) |
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| slow-healing sore that forms when the thick layer of mucus that protects the lining of the stomach from the acids in digestive juices is eroded (6.3) |
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| projection along the ridges of the small intestine; increases surface area to aid in the absorption of nutrients.(6.2) |
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| organic compound required in trace amounts for normal metabolism (6.1) |
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