Missouri Compromise, 1820

•         Sponsored by Henry Clay

•         Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state

•         Allowed Maine to enter as a free state

Nullification Crisis, 1828

•          Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs

•          In 1832, a lower tariff was passed

−        Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun

−        South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders

−        Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties

−        To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833

−        The Government lowers the tariff and backs down

Nullification Crisis, 1828

•         Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs

•         In 1832, a lower tariff was passed

−       Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun

−       South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders

−       Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties

−       To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833

−       The Government lowers the tariff and backs down

Compromise of 1850

Kansas – Nebraska Act, 1854

•        Allowed for Kansas and Nebraska to be organized on the basis of popular sovereignty

−     That is, the people would vote themselves to decide if they would be Free or Slave

John C. Calhoun

[image]Favored states’ rights

Led opposition in South Carolina to the protective Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

Henry Clay

[image]Admitted Missouri as a slave state

•      Admitted Maine as a free state

Daniel Webster

[image]Worked to create compromises with the southern states that would delay the start of the Civil War

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Ulysses S. Grant

[image]He created an overall plan concentrated on Sherman’s march through Georgia and his own assault on the Confederate Army in Virginia

•         Grant accepted Lee’s surrender in 1865, ending the war.

Robert E. Lee

Abraham Lincoln

16^th President of the United States

William Carney

[image]Reason for citation: when the 54^th’s sergeant was shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors there. When the troops fell back he brought the flag, under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely wounded

Philip Bazar

•         Born in Chile, South America

•         Was a navy seaman in the Union Navy

•         Won the Medal of Honor for his distinguished service in the Civil War

−      Reason for citation: on board the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba during the assault on Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865

−      As one of a boat crew detailed to one of the generals on shore

−      Bazar bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the battle

−      He was one of six men who entered the fort in the assault from the fleet

Sectionalism

Loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns

In the United States, the differences between northern southern, and western areas increased throughout the early 1800s.

Different cultures and business practices existed in the three sections of the country and these concerns often conflicted.

Farming was the main livelihood of all three sections

•         Firing on Fort Sumter

•         Fort Sumter, South Carolina

•         A federal fort in the Charleston Harbor

•         Was fired upon by Rebel forces to begin the Civil War

•         April 12, 1861

•         P.G.T. Beauregard, Confederate

•         Major Robert Anderson, Union

•         The Confederacy started to draft soldiers to meet the demand for the troops and the Union followed suit in 1863

•         The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war

•         Occurred in Maryland on September 17, 1862

•         Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 23, following the Union victory at Antietam

•         1863

•         July 1 – 3, 1863

•         92,000 Union troops fought 76,000 Confederate troops at Gettysburg, PA

•         The fate of the Confederacy was sealed on July 4, 1863 with Union victories at Gettysburg (turning back a Confederate invasion of the North) and Vicksburg (giving control of the Mississippi River to the Union)

The war continued for two more years as the South sought independence and Lincoln demanded union

Siege of Vicksburg

•         The North captured this strong hold to gain control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern states.

•         75-day siege

•         Northern Army led by Ulysses S. Grant

Emancipation Proclamation

•         Changes the nature of the war

•         No longer a war only to preserve (keep) the Union

•         Now became a war to free the slaves

•         The proclamation freed only the slaves in the rebelling territories

•         Issued in September, 1862, after the Battle of Antietam

•         Went into law January 1, 1863

Assassination of Lincoln

[image]Actor

−     Southern sympathizer

−     Had wanted to kill Lincoln and keep the war going until the South won

Ford’s Theatre, Washington, DC

Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox Court House

[image]Ulysses S. Grant – Leader of the Union Army

•        Lee surrendered to Grant

•        Brings the Civil War to a close

•        April 9, 1865

1803 – 1850

•      Manifest Destiny – belief that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its borders from “sea to sea” across the North American continent

Major Elements of Manifest Destiny

[image]Westward Expansion

•      War with Mexico

•      Annexation of Texas

•      Gold Rush

Northwest Ordinance 1787

[image]Had to be at least 5,000 men who owned at least 50 acres

•      60,000 people

An existing form of self-government

•  Economic:

–   New land for farmers

–   New trade routes and markets (Santa Fe Trail)

–   New opportunities to start a business

•    Political

–   Expansion of our nation’s borders/territories

–   Expansion of slavery

•    Social

–   Removal of Native Americans

–  Refuge for persecuted groups (Mormons)

Relationship Between the Concept of Manifest Destiny and the Westward Growth of the Nation

The United States government and its citizens believed that the nation’s destiny or fate was to expand westward from sea to sea

•      Annexation of Texas

•      Viewed as a “War of Aggression” by many Americans

•      Causes:

–     President Polk’s desire to expand the United States (Manifest Destiny)

Border disputes concerning the southern boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was claimed by Texas and disputed by Mexico.)

Effects and Impacts of the
United States-Mexican War      

•      Effects and Impact

–     Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ends the war

•      Grants the United States the Mexican territory of New Mexico, Arizona and California

–     United States paid Mexico $10 million for the Gadsden Purchase to help repay Mexico for the annexation of Texas in 1845

Constitutional  Era – 1787 – Creation of the U.S. Government

·         This era evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and understands the need for a new government.

·         Issues and compromises that were addressed at the Constitutional Convention.

·         Establishment of the U.S. Constitution through compromises and influences from past documents (Magna Carta, Mayflower Compact, Declaration of Independence, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and the English Bill of Rights)

·         Federalists and Anti-Federalists

·         Individual rights are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights and how these amendments pleased the Anti-Federalists

Identify the major events of the Constitutional Time Period

·       Philadelphia Convention 1787

·       Great Compromise

·       3/5s Compromise

·       Federalist and Anti-Federalist points of view

·       Federalist Papers

Bill of Rights

Significance of 1787

Writing of the United States Constitution

*Written during the American Revolution

*Occurred at the Second Continental Congress (1776)

*Created a new form of government for the independent colonies

   *one branch, a Congress, including one representative from each of the former colonies

*Articles created a “firm league of friendship” where “each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence

ssues of the Constitututional Convention – Representation

Representation

1.      Virginia Plan: large state plan that proposed representation on population size

2.      New Jersey Plan: small state plan that proposed equal representation among all states

Compromise

Great Compromise: Constitution resulted in a two-house legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate maintaining equal representation from all states

Issues of the Constitutional Convention – Slavery

Issue

How slaves should be counted regarding population and taxation.

Compromise

Three-Fifths Compromise: three-fifths of the slave population would be counted when setting direct taxes on the states and three-fifths ratio would also be used to determine representation in the legislature

o   Federalists – argued for a stronger national government because under the Articles of Confederation, the weak national government set the United States up for failure.

o   Anti-Federalists – argued that states’ rights should remain powerful over key issues; remained the opinion that we fought the Revolution to get away from strong central government; desired to protect individual liberties

Compromise: the U.S. Constitution is ratified and the Bill of Rights is added

Magna Carta

·        1215; Runnymede, England

·        Limited the power of the King of England

·        This document influenced the United States’ Constitution

·        The Constitution limits the power of the central government

·        Trial by jury

An innocent man cannot be put into jail without a trial

English Bill of Rights

·       1689

·       Limited the power of the King

·       Listed individual rights of the people that could not be taken away by the King

This document influenced the United States’ Constitution Bill of Rights

Mayflower Compact

Federalist Papers

A series of essays written in support of the United States Constitution.

·        Focused on the need for a strong central governement with restricted (limited) powers.

·        Supported separation of powers amd checks and balances.

Written by: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

Constitutional  Era – 1787 – Creation of the U.S. Government

·         This era evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and understands the need for a new government.

·         Issues and compromises that were addressed at the Constitutional Convention.

·         Establishment of the U.S. Constitution through compromises and influences from past documents (Magna Carta, Mayflower Compact, Declaration of Independence, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and the English Bill of Rights)

·         Federalists and Anti-Federalists

·         Individual rights are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights and how these amendments pleased the Anti-Federalists

Identify the major events of the Constitutional Time Period

Significance of 1787

Writing of the United States Constitution

Written during the American Revolution

*Occurred at the Second Continental Congress (1776)

*Created a new form of government for the independent colonies

   *one branch, a Congress, including one representative from each of the former colonies

*Articles created a “firm league of friendship” where “each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence

Representation

1.      Virginia Plan: large state plan that proposed representation on population size

2.      New Jersey Plan: small state plan that proposed equal representation among all states

Compromise

Great Compromise: Constitution resulted in a two-house legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate maintaining equal representation from all states

Issues of the Constitutional Convention – Slavery

Issue

How slaves should be counted regarding population and taxation.

Compromise

Three-Fifths Compromise: three-fifths of the slave population would be counted when setting direct taxes on the states and three-fifths ratio would also be used to determine representation in the legislature

Arguments for and Against Ratification of the Constitution

o   Federalists – argued for a stronger national government because under the Articles of Confederation, the weak national government set the United States up for failure.

o   Anti-Federalists – argued that states’ rights should remain powerful over key issues; remained the opinion that we fought the Revolution to get away from strong central government; desired to protect individual liberties

Compromise: the U.S. Constitution is ratified and the Bill of Rights is added

Magna Carta

·        1215; Runnymede, England

·        Limited the power of the King of England

·        This document influenced the United States’ Constitution

·        The Constitution limits the power of the central government

·        Trial by jury

An innocent man cannot be put into jail without a trial

English Bill of Rights

·       1689

·       Limited the power of the King

·       Listed individual rights of the people that could not be taken away by the King

This document influenced the United States’ Constitution Bill of Rights

Mayflower Compact

·       1620

·       Written by the Pilgrims

·       An agreement that established majority rule and self-government

The Pilgrims pledged to remain loyal to Great Britain

Federalist Papers

A series of essays written in support of the United States Constitution.

·        Focused on the need for a strong central governement with restricted (limited) powers.

·        Supported separation of powers amd checks and balances.

Written by: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

Anti – Federalist Papers

·        Feared a strong central government

·        Felt the Constitution lacked protection for individual rights

Written by: Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry

Strengths of the Articles of

Shay’s Rebellion

Colonial Grievances Addressed in the U.S. Constitution

Federalists

Supporters of the United States Constitution.

Argued for a stronger national government.

Under the Articles of Confederation the weak national government set the United States up for failure.

Alexander Hamilton

Used the “necessary and proper” clause to justify forming a National Bank that was necessary and proper for the United States economy to develop.

Served as a delegate from New York at the Constitutional Convention.

Leading member of the Federalists.

James Madison

Known as “the Father of the Constitution”

Helped write the Federalist Papers with John Jay and Alexander Hamilton

Authored the first 10 Amendments (the Bill of Rights) to compromise the Anti-Federalists

Anti-Federalists

Patrick Henry

George Mason

Leader of the Anti-Federalists. Believed in the need to restrict governmental power and supported protection of individual rights.

Served as a delegate from Virginia at the Constitutional Convention.

Made over 130 speeches against the Constitution.

Rights Guaranteed in the Bill of Rights

1^st – Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, and Petition to the Government

2^nd – Bear Arms

3^rd – No quartering troops during times of peace

4^th – search and seizure

5^th – due process of law; not to be tried twice for the same crime (double jeopardy); right not to testify against yourself

6^th – right to a speedy and public trial

7^th – right to a trial by jury in civil trials

8^th – right not to have excessive bail and/or punishment

9^th – rights of the people

10^th – rights left to the states to decide

Importance of Free Speech

Republicanism

Representatives are elected by the people to serve the people

Development of Religious Freedom in the United States

*1620-1691 -Plymouth Colony – self-governing, with each congregation independent and electing its own pastor and officers

*17^th century-Mass. Bay Colony – democratic in that they elected ministers and other officials; church closely tied to state government

*1631-Roger Williams founded Rhode Island; 1636 church and state separated

*1681-1776 – Penn’s Frames of Government guaranteed religious freedom to all settlers in Pennsylvania

*1689 – Toleration Acts; Maryland is founded for Catholics

*1791 – Bill of Rights guaranteed freedom of religion from government interference

Impact of the First Amendment Guaranteeing Freedom of Religious Freedom on the American Way of Life

Exampleof American Art during the Constitutional Time Period

How the U.S. Constitution Reflects Principles of Government

Judges are appointed for life making them independent of executive control.

How the U.S. Constitution Reflects Principles of Government

Checks and Balances

System that does not allow anyone branch of the government to have too much power.

Example: the President can veto legislation passed by Congress; Congress can override the veto. The Senate confirms major appointments made by the President, and the courts may declare acts passed by Congress unconstitutional

Federalism

Sharing of power between the federal government and the state governments.

Separation of Powers

Popular Sovereignty

All political power rests with the people.

The people can create, alter, and abolish government.

People express themselves through voting and free participation in government.

Process of Changing the U.S. Constitution

The Constitution can be changed or amended when it is deemed necessary by the people to bring the document up to date.

Congress or state conventions can propose an amendment.

It then goes to the states to be approved.

An amendment must have a 2/3 vote of Congress or state conventions and a ¾ vote of the states to be approved.

Examples of Unalienable Rights

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

Freedom to associate

Freedom of assembly

Right to property

Founding Fathers

Name given to the individuals who played a major role in declaring independence, fighting the Revolutionary War, or writing and adopting the Constitution of the United States

Thomas Jefferson : George Washington

Alexander Hamilton : John Adams

Benjamin Franklin : James Madison

Benjamin Franklin : James Madison

Civic Virtue

Involvement in a community

Those with civic virtue go a step beyond their obligations by taking an active role in improving the community in the experiences of other members of the community.

American Revolution Era, 1775 - 1783

[image]Declaration of Independence

Articles of Confederation

1776

*Adoption of the Declaration of Independence

*Main Author: Thomas Jefferson

*Committee Included: Ben Franklin, John Adams, Roger Livingston

 *“Common Sense”

Written by: Thomas Paine

Causes of the American Revolution

Proclamation of 1763

*British Parliament law; colonists were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, *Britain wanted a buffer zone between the colonists and the Native Americans, but the colonists wanted to settle the fertile Ohio River Valley

Stamp Act, 1765

Judges are appointed for life making them independent of executive control.

Article II of the Constitution

System that does not allow anyone branch of the government to have too much power.

Example: the President can veto legislation passed by Congress; Congress can override the veto. The Senate confirms major appointments made by the President, and the courts may declare acts passed by Congress unconstitutional

The Constitution can be changed or amended when it is deemed necessary by the people to bring the document up to date.

Congress or state conventions can propose an amendment.

It then goes to the states to be approved.

An amendment must have a 2/3 vote of

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

Freedom to associate

Freedom of assembly

Right to property

Involvement in a community

Those with civic virtue go a step beyond their obligations by taking an active role in improving the community in the experiences of other members of the community.

*Adoption of the Declaration of Independence

*Main Author: Thomas Jefferson

*Committee Included: Ben Franklin, John Adams, Roger Livingston

 *“Common Sense”

Written by: Thomas Paine

·        Required all legal documents and papers have an official stamp showing that a tax had been paid.

·        British used this to generate revenue to help cover the cost of the French and Indian War;

·        colonists reacted by rioting through groups such as the Sons of Liberty;

·        Stamp Act Congress meets in October, 1765, to take action and ask Parliament to repeal the act

·        A system by which a nation increases its wealth and power by obtaining from its colonies gold, silver, and other raw materials.

·        It includes a favorable balance of trade.

·        The colonies became a source of raw materials for the mother country (England.)

·        The colonies are expected to be the purchasers of manufactured goods from the mother country.

Belief that a colony exists for the economic benefit of the mother country.

·        Wife of John Adams

·        Served as John Adams’ confidant and support while he served in the Continental Congress, when John and others were considering a declaration of independence.

·        Abigail reminded him to “remember the ladies”; take care of the women who could not hold themselves bound by laws in which they had no voice.

Advocate for women’s rights.

·        Lawyer and politician

·        Defended the British soldiers after the Boston Massacre

·        A member of the Continental Congress (representing Massachusetts)

·        Strong supporter of independence

Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence

·        African American Patriot

·        Like Paul Revere, he made an all-night ride back from Boston to warn his community tof the impending British invasion

·        Served in the Continental Army

Fought at the Battle of Saratoga

·       Wife of a Massachusetts Patriot

Anonymously wrote several propaganda pieces supporting the Patriot cause

Slave in Virginia

*Marquis de Lafayette recruited him as a spy for the Continental Army.

*Posed as a double agent, forger and servant at British headquarters.

*He moved freely between the lines with vital information on British troop movements for Lafayette

*Contributed to the American victory at Yorktown.