Term
| Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson) |
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Definition
Infancy (1st Year)
Positive: feelings of comfort and minimal fear
Neg: sense of mistrust if child is treated neg. and/or neglected |
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Term
| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson) |
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Definition
Toddler (2nd year)
Natural to assert their independence and realize their will.
If restrained too much (over-protected) or punished too harshly a sense of shame and doubt occurs. |
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Term
| Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson) |
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Definition
Early Childhood (3-5 yrs)
Adults expect and require them to assume more responsibility. This sense of responsibility increases the child's sense of initiative.
Child develops uncomfortable guilt feeling if they are irresponsible or made to feel too anxious. |
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Term
| Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson) |
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Definition
School aged child (6-10 years)
Direct energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills (read, speak differently).
The danger is developing a sense of inferiority, unproductiveness and incompetence. |
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Term
| Identity vs. Identity Confusion (Erikson) |
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Definition
Adolescence (10-20 years, teenagers)
Need to be allowed to explore different paths to attain a healthy identity (body image).
If not allowed to do so, they can remain confused about their identity. |
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Term
| Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson) |
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Definition
Early adulthood (20-30's)
Form relationships outside the family.
Erikson says intimacy as finding one's self but loosing one's self in another person. If no friends, they become socially isolated and lonely. |
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Term
| Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson) |
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Definition
Middle Adulthood (40-50's)
Generativity means transmitting something positive to the next generation; leaving a legacy to the next generation.
Stagnation is the feeling of having done nothing. |
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Term
| Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson) |
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Definition
Late Adulthood (>50 yrs.)
Like and need to tell their stories. Reflect on accomplishments.
Become despairing if their backward glances are predominately negative. |
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Term
| Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory |
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Definition
| Consists of five environmental systems that range from close interpersonal interactions to the broad based influences of culture. |
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Term
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Definition
Birth - 2 yrs.
Object permanence (peek-a-boo). |
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Term
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Definition
1.5 - 7 years.
Think concretely.
"What brings you here today?"
"A car" |
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Term
| Concrete Operational (Piaget) |
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Definition
7 - 11 yrs.
Still concrete, but logical. Thought remains limited to concrete objects and events. |
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Term
| Formal Operational (Piaget) |
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Definition
11 yrs and above.
Thoughts become abstract, and all possible outcomes can be considered. Can develop hypothesis about things. |
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Term
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Definition
Gender biased men. Focused on Justice.
"If you couldn't afford needed medicine for your wife, what would you do?" |
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Term
| Gilligan's Moral Orientation and Moral Development |
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Definition
Care & Justice.
Presents care perspective as an alternate vision to Kohlberg's justice perspective.
Included women in her studies. |
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Term
| Biological and Physiological Needs (Maslow) |
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Definition
| Basic life needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. Nurses also need to keep people safe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protection, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. |
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Term
| Belongingness and Love Needs (Maslow) |
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Definition
| Family, affection, relationships, work group, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Achievement, status, responsibility, reputation. |
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Term
| Self-Actualization (Maslow) |
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Definition
| personal growth and fulfillment. |
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Term
| Identification: Helps people void feeling devalued by adopting the characteristics or behavior of someone that is either feared or respected. |
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Definition
| A young girl identifies with her teacher whom she admires. |
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Term
| Introjection: Helps people gain social acceptance by accepting the norms and values of others even if contrary to own beliefs. |
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Definition
| a teen who uses drugs tells his brother that it is wrong to use drugs. |
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Term
| Projection: Allows people to avoid acknowledging their own shortcomings by blaming others or the environment for their own unacceptable motives. |
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Definition
| A employee who does not do their job blames the incompetence of his boss. |
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Term
| Displacement: Allows people to discharge their emotions on a safer object or person by substituting the recipient of their emotions to a less threatening target or person. |
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Definition
| A teenager has a very bad day at school and comes home and fights with his sister. |
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Term
| Rationalization: Allows people to cope with their inability to meet certain goals or standards by justifying behavior that is unacceptable to a socially acceptable rationale. |
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Definition
| A man that verbally abuses his wife says at least I don't hit her. |
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Term
| Denial: Allows people to avoid the full impact of a threatening situation by ignoring or screening the realities of the situation. |
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Definition
| A patient who has been told she has a terminal illness is heard making plans for an extended trip abroad. |
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Term
| Repression: Helps people avoid trauma until they have the resources to do so by keeping a threatening thought out of awareness. The repressed material is denied entry into consciousness. |
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Definition
| A person who was present for a terrorist attack cannot remember any of the details. |
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Term
| Regression: Allows people to return to an earlier more comfortable level of functioning that was less demanding and responsible. |
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Definition
| A very ill patient lets his nurse feed and bath him. |
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Term
| Reaction Formation: A mechanism that allows people to act the opposite to the way they really feel. |
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Definition
| A person who privately likes pornography becomes an advocate of censorship. |
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Term
| Intellectualization: Allows people to protect themselves from hurt by using a rational explanation to remove the personal significance of an incident. |
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Definition
| A mans ill father dies and he says "he wouldn't have wanted to live like that". |
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Term
| Undoing: Allows people to relieve guilty feelings or make amends by acting to annul some act or thought. |
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Definition
| A teacher who makes a test too hard curves it so almost everyone passes. |
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Term
| Compensation: Allows people to overcome deficits by emphasizing a more desirable trait or by overachieving in a more comfortable area. |
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Definition
| A non-athletic person becomes a sports announcer. |
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Term
| Sublimation: Allows people to avoid acting in socially unacceptable ways by substituting acceptable behavior. |
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Definition
| A person with uninhibited sexual drives becomes morally religious. |
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Term
| Substitution: Allows people to keep frustrations to a minimum by replacing a highly valued, or non-attainable object with an acceptable or attainable object. |
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Definition
| A person wants to write for the New York Times but settles to work for her hometown newspaper. |
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