Gram-neg

respirative metabolism

versatile in breaking down up to 100 organic compounds

(potential biodegradative agent)

Pathogen in urinary and respiratory tracts

i.e. P. aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis patients; also found in urianary tract infect., wounds, and burns

also called Stalked bacteria

 genus Caulobacter

found in fresh water

contains holdfast 

look at notes on page 9

Fig 11.21, page 270 to its unique division

Anaerobic photobacteria that reproduce by budding

reproduces by budding

bud comes out of stalk structure

dormant spores produced by genera Clostridium (anaerobic spores) and Bacillus (areobic spores)

can't be gram stained, must be heated

can exit the dormant cell and vegetate

have side products of clinical significance 

model system for cell differentiation

anthrax in cattle and man

formation of pustules on membranes

hemorrhagic meningitis 

caused by toxins which are side product of sporeformation 

causes muscles to relax

blurred vision, nausea, vomiting diarrhea

gram positive rod shaped

fought by the immune system

found in canned foods

treated by antitoxin  ( Ab to toxin )

Prophylaxis by vaccination using toxoid (formalin treated toxin)

tetnus: muscles contraction

infection occurs in wounds

Lockjaw Disease

treated by antitoxin  ( Ab to toxin )

Prophylaxis by vaccination using toxoid (formalin treated toxin)

gas gangrene: gas produced in infected wounds. caused by toxins

released upon cell lysis that can damage CNS of host.  Produced by lysogenic conversion.

treated by antitoxin  ( Ab to toxin )

Prophylaxis by vaccination using toxoid (formalin treated toxin)

genera Sphaerotilus, Beggiatoa, and Thiothrix

filaments enclosed in delicate sheath made of mucocompounds with iron or manganese oxides

found in fresh water with high

good at breaking down organic matter 

spores are in shinny phase

phase contrast is not seen through regular microscope

(Proactinomycetes)

hyphae fragments into individual cells

e.g. Mycobacterium, M. tuberculosis, M. leprae

M. tuberculosis

Part 1

alveolar macrophages engulf M. tuberculosis but can't destroy the bacteria because its cell wall contains mycolic acid

M. tuberculosis reproduces within the macrophage

-> infalmation ensues and bacteria reproduces more rapidly within the additional macrophages

tubercle- a granuloma (accumulation of inflamatory white blood cells suurounding bacteria), release Helper-T cells which activate the macrophages to contain the bacteria and kill much of it

pleomorphic rod

interconvertible between mycelial growth and unicellular                                                                                                   

 high lipid (wax material mycolic acid)- wax coating makes it required to be heated

content in cell wall responsible for acid‑fast stain; destroyed when ruptured.

mostly pathogenic

used on organisms which can't readily take up dyes

used on genus Mycobacteria

used on bacteria with high concentration of mycolic acid (waxy fatty acid) in cell wall

these cells are resistent to decolorization once stained

discovered by Koch in the plague in Germany

obligate aerobe

M. tuberculosis

Part 2

obligate aerobe, rod shaped, acid fast

discovered by Koch in the plague in Germany

proliferate in lumps in respiratory tracts or CNS causing damage in tissues; cordlike formation promoted by a glycolipid cord factor

produces protein tuberculin (heat stable; m.w. 2000-9000), may cause localized hyper‑sensitivity, used for diagnosis of carriers (Fig. 21.19, p. 503)

antibiotic rifampin & isoniazid

synthetic drug which affects mycolic acid synthesis

attenuated strain of TB

All vaccinated people are tuberculin positive

Hansen’s disease= leprosy

acid fast rod

invades small nerves of skin

mutiplies in macrophages

immune cells may damage nerve cells in attempt to kill bacteria

can't be grown outside liviving cells (use armadillos and mice for hosts)

treated by dapsones (synthetic drug) and antibiotic rifampin

spreads by direct contact with mucous

infection of respiratory tract by formation of pseudo-membrane(aggregate of blood cells/mucous/epithelial cells) produces exotoxin which inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating ef2 (a ribsosmal protein)

caused by lysogenic conversion (virus enters bacterium and gives bacterium a toxin)

bacteria

some acid fast

aerobic

cause lung infection & dental plaque

Actinomyces israeli

abscesses in connective tissues, digestive tracts

grows as as dense yellow colonies called sulfur granules

 anearobic, gram-positive

infects open wounds, oftern on head and neck

Euactinomycetes

coenocytic

substrate or aerial mycelia

resembles fungal mycelia except for the size ( < 1.5u in diameter, fungal mycelia > 3.0u in diameter) and cell structure. 

form conidiospores (exospores), resistant to desiccation but not heat. exception: Thermoactinomyces -> endospores 

   e.g., genus Streptomycetes: abundant aerial mycelia and long spore chains: produce antibiotics 

Gram negative, non spore forming rods

motile (peritrichous) or nonmotile

vertebrate guts

cultivated in simple media

mucoid colonies on agar (due to capsules in some)

coliform:*  facultative Gram "-" rods in G.I.tract, nonpathogenic (+: low concentration)

All sensitive to antibiotics

Shigella, Escherichia

Edwardsiella, Salmonella*      

Arizona, Klebsiella*

Enterobacter*+ (Aerobacter)

Serratia*+

Proteus  

Providencia*

Citrobacter, Yersinia

peptic ulcer

gram-neg, microaerophilic

multiple polar flagella

Enterobacteriacaea

colonization of gastric musocal surface, one of the causes for ulcer

infects intestinal tracts and cause diarrhea

Enterobacteriaceae

Gram-negative,

facultative

motile (single polar flagellum)

curved

enterotoxin causes hypersecretion of chloride and bicarbonate in bowel mucosa-> severe diarrhea

Major pathogens of Family Vibrionaceae

Gram "‑", obligate anaerobe

mostly nonmotile 

100:1 outnumbers coliform in gut 

causes septicemia

gas and odor producer in defecation

B. fragilis:  major pathogen invade mucosal surface

caused by endotoxins of gram negative bacteria that make a normally beneficial inflamatory response dangerous

can lead to septc shock (dramatic decrease in blood pressure)