Term
Jane Addams, “The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements”
1. According to Addams, what does it mean to both help and to have need? Who’s helping who?
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Definition
| Addams believes that all people are needy, just in different ways. The poor have objective need: they need social access and education. The poor are constrained by that which they do not have. Whereas those who help are constrained by what they do have. The privileged have everything, but are unable to do anything; they get personal benefit out of volunteer work. Reciprocal Need. “On one side there was the need of poor people for help with their ‘objective problems,’ and on the other, the need of the more privileged to express their ideals in practical ways”. So, in a way, both the poor and those who help them are needy, and both groups are helping each other. (Social Settlements are necessary for all people in different ways) |
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Jane Addams, “The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements”
1. Why does Addams argue that social settlements are necessary for human subjectivity? What does she mean by social settlement? by human subjectivity?
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Definition
By human subjectivity Addams means that humans are subjects and have personal need for the settlement movement.
By social settlement, Addams means the movement that aimed to get the rich and the poor in society to live more closely together in an interdependent community. |
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Term
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Jane Addams, “The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements”
1. What is significant about the example of the “idiot boy” and the “drunken woman”?
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Definition
| This example shows that the Settlement House must be grounded in a philosophy whose foundation is on the solidarity of the human race, a philosophy that will not waver when the race happens to be represented by a drunken woman or an idiot boy. These specific individuals, although poor representations of society, should not be perceived as the entire human race. |
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Jane Addams, “The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements”
1. What does Addams’s example about young people told not to become too involved in the cares of the world reveal about a trait often found at the intersection of culture and belief?
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Definition
This example shows that there is a limit of social acceptability associated with volunteer work. It is ok to help, but not too much. This is a kind of destitution à human need. Culture often prevents people from physically doing belief rather than simply believing it. |
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Jane Addams, “The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements”
1. What are tenets of Addams’ theological anthropology? That is, what can we learn about the essence and construction of the human person based upon what she says? Another way to ask this question is, “What assumptions does Addams make in her philosophical and theological claims”?
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Definition
| Addams believes that a human being needs love, perspective, and a good attitude in order to survive. Humans must not only show love, but be shown love in return. Christ can be seen in interactions with other human beings, which is why we need to get to know other people. Humans need to be saved, and Jesus will save us. The saving and loving of others will help you save yourself. Three trends: desire to interpret democracy in social terms, impulse beating at the very source of our lives, urging us to aid in the race progress, the Christian movement toward humanitarianism. |
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Jane Addams, “The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements”
1. How does Addams understand Christianity?
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Definition
| Addams believes that human beings can find Christianity by getting to know other people, because if you don’t get to know others, you can’t see Christ within them. Addams follows a romanticized version of early Christianity, with the basic premise being that humans need to be saved, and Jesus will save us. We can be saved through social settlements. |
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Jane Addams, “The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements”
1. On what is Addams’s basic humanitarianism grounded?
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Definition
| Addams’ basic humanitarianism is grounded on the idea that human beings are dependent on each other, and that to retain your own humanity, we must possess empathy toward others. |
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Jane Addams, “The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements”
1. How does Addams understand love?
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Definition
| Addams sees love as an action rather than a state of being. Love to Addams manifests in the form of helping others, and doing belief rather than simply believing in it. She views love as a sacrifice; you don’t have to like someone to love them. Not only must an individual show love, but they must also be shown love. Humans need love to survive. |
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Jane Addams, “The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements”
1. What does Addams mean by social and individual salvation? And why is this significant?
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Definition
| Addams believes that individual salvation and social salvation are linked. She argues against private individual salvation, claiming that individual salvation can only be reached through social settlements and social salvation by helping others. Saving others will help us save ourselves (final paragraph). Salvation is not exclusively otherworldly. |
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Jane Addams, “The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements”
1. What are the two great destitute masses?
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Definition
| The two destitute masses are the poor/underprivileged and the privileged. The poor are destitute because they lack physical and material things, while the privileged are destitute because they lack moral necessities. |
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Easter Vigil Hebrew Bible Texts
1. How does creation happen?
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Definition
| According to the texts, God is responsible for creation. Time begins with creation, objectivity. The earth was formless, empty, and dark, until God created life. The simple truth of the creation story is that God is the author of creation. In Genesis 1, we are presented with the beginning of a divine drama that can only be examined and understood from the standpoint of faith. How long did it take? How did it happen? No one can understand these questions definitively. The purpose of the creation story is for moral and spiritual revelation. |
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Easter Vigil Hebrew Bible Texts
1. What is God’s description of creation?
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Definition
Day 1: God created and separated light from the darkness, calling light “day” and darkness “night”
Day 2: God created an expanse to separate the waters and called it “sky”
Day 3: God created the dry ground and gathered the waters, calling the dry ground “land,” and the gathered waters “seas.” God also created vegetation (plants and trees) on day 3.
Day 4: God created the sun, moon, and the stars to give light to the earth and to govern and separate the day and night. These would also serve as signs to mark seasons, days and years.
Day 5: God created every living creature of the seas and every winged bird, blessing them to multiply and fill the waters and sky with life.
Day 6: God created the animals to fill the earth. On day 6, God also created man and woman in his own image to commune with him. He blessed them and gave them every creature and the whole earth to rule over, care for, and cultivate.
Day 7: God had finished his work of creation and so he rested on the seventh day, blessing it and making it holy.
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Easter Vigil Hebrew Bible Texts
1. What is the role of language?
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Definition
| Genesis: language is the mechanism of existence. Example: Helen Keller didn’t know that she existed before she could speak. Without being able to communicate with others, we would not be able to validate our existence. Additionally, in the Easter Vigil Texts, the speech creates the object of the speech. By saying that something exists, therefore it does. |
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Easter Vigil Hebrew Bible Texts
1. Are the texts truthful?
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Definition
| The texts are the stories of a group of people who are writing down who or what they see God to be in their life experiences. Although they may not be entirely truthful, the purpose of these texts is to tell a story, and human identity is defined by the stories that we tell. |
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Easter Vigil Hebrew Bible Texts
1. What is the relationship portrayed between God and God’s people?
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Definition
| God’s people (human beings) continually mess up and make mistakes, yet God still wants to be in covenant with them. God is faithful to humans; God’s love is unwavering. Even though people don’t always stay faithful (they mess up and get scared), God always does. |
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Easter Vigil Hebrew Bible Texts
1. Why might this set of texts be used during a single religious service?
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Definition
| This set of texts might be used during a single religious service because, collectively, they convey the message of the importance of the unwavering faith and belief in God. Although each of the stories differs in many ways, they all carry the final moral that humans should have a steadfast fidelity for God. |
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Easter Vigil Hebrew Bible Texts
1. What is the relationship between individuals and communities?
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Definition
| Relates to what Addams discusses in The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements. Individuals and communities are dependent on each other. It is important, however, for the individual not to get caught up too much in the collective (exclusivity) and render other people un important. There must be a balance. |
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Seamus Heaney, Burial at Thebes
1. Who are the characters in the play? What role does each play? And what does each represent?
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Definition
· Creon- Oedipus’ brother in law. Creon rules Thebes with a stubborn blindness. He is bossy and bureaucratic, intent on asserting his own authority.
· Tiresias- The blind soothsayer (truth-teller, fortuneteller) of Thebes. Tiresias tells Creon that Creon himself is bringing disaster upon Thebes, and Creon does not believe him. Yet, Creon still claimes to trust Tiresias deeply. The literal blindness of the seer points to the metaphorical blindness of those who refuse to believe the truth about themselves when they hear it spoken.
· Haemon- Creon’s son, who is engaged to marry Antigone. Motivated by his love for her, he argues with Creon about the latter’s decision to punish her.
· Ismene- Oedipus’ daughter and Antigone’s sister, who undermines her sister’s grandeur and courage. Ismene fears helping Antigone bury Polynices but offers to die beside Antigone when Creon sentences her to death. Antigone refuses to allow her sister to be martyred for something she did not have the courage to stand up for.
· Antigone- the daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta, and therefore both Oedipus’ daughter and sister. She demonstrates the courage and clarity of sight unparalleled by any other character in the play. Whereas other characters are reluctant to acknowledge the consequences of the their actions, Antigone is unabashed in her conviction that she has done right. Antigone draws attetention to the difference between divine and human law. More than any other chatacter in the three plays, she casts serious doubt on Creon’s authority. When she points out that his edicts cannot override the will of the gods or the unshakable traditions of men, she places Creon’s edict against Polynices’ burial in a perspective that makes it seem shameful and ridiculous.
· The Chorus- The chorus reacts to events as they happen, generally in a predictable, though not always consistent way. While the Chorus may believe that people learn through suffering, Sophocles may have felt differently. The chorus seems hopeful, but is actually more ominous and ambivalent. The Burial at Thebes ends with a hope for knowledge, specifically the knowledge that comes out of suffering. This ending is a truism about death or the fact that fate lies outside human control.
· Polynices- The son and brother of Oedipus. Antigone is persecuted for trying to bury his body and honor him in his death. |
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Seamus Heaney, Burial at Thebes
1. What are key issues and themes present in the text?
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Definition
Key themes: the power of unwritten law, the willingness to ignore the truth, the limits of free will, the power of the individual, can we ever really be ethically or morally neutral.
-The power of unwritten law: Antigone maintains that she does not follow the human, written laws of Creon, she adheres to the divine law and laws of the Gods. Moral duties—such as the duties owed to the dead—make up the body of unwritten law and tradition, the law to which Antigone appeals.
- The willingness to ignore the truth: When Haemon and Tiresius try to explain to Creon that his logic is faulty, he refuses to see the truth until it is too late. Creon looks at the circumstances and details of everyday life and pretends not to see them. Tiresius tries to get him to move past his blindness.
-The limits of free will: Fate plays a huge hand in people’s stories: how much freedom does a human being actually have? |
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Plato, Apology
1. What is the Oracle at Delphi?
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Definition
| The Oracle at Delphi is the most important oracle in the classical Greek world. An oracle is a priest or priestess acting as a medium through which advice or prophecy was sought from the gods in classical antiquity. Socrates claims that one of his friends (Chaerephon) went to Delphi and asked the oracle whether anyone wiser than Socrates existed. “The priestess replied that there was no one”. Socrates uses the Oracle of Delphi and Chaerephon’s brother as witnesses in court. |
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Plato, Apology
1. What does Socrates know that makes him the wisest man in Athens? How does he demonstrate this to be true?
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Definition
Socrates believes himself to be the wisest man in Athens because he is conscious and aware of his ignorance. Socrates knows that he is not all knowing, and this acceptance makes him wiser than any other “wise man” in Athens. He demonstrates this to be true by going around to people with reputations and who claim to be wise and asking them questions. He finds that, “the people with the greatest reputations were almost entirely deficient, while others who were supposed to be their inferiors were much better qualified in practical intelligence” (5). He questions supposed “wise” men exposes their false wisdom as ignorance. He believes that he knows that that he does not know, and this acceptance of ignorance and inability to know makes him wise.
àRecognizing his ignorance in most worldly affairs, Socrates concluded that he must be wiser than other men only in that he knows that he knows nothing. |
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Plato, Apology
1. What are the two accusations against Socrates? And what he is really on trial for?
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Definition
Socrates is charged with:
1. Not recognizing the gods recognized by the state and inventing new deities
2. Corrupting the youth of Athens
Socrates claims that he is actually being put on trial because, in his attempt to expose all the false “wise” men in Athens, he aroused much anger and hatred from all of the people that he embarrassed, while earning him admiration amongst the youth. Socrates believes that this contempt is the reason that he has been put on trial. |
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Plato, Apology
1. What does Socrates mean by the unexamined life is not worth living?
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Definition
When Socrates claims that the unexamined life is not worth living, he means that he would rather die than give up philosophy, and the jury seems happy to grant him that wish.
-If a person is not open for others to question his or her thoughts and action, or lives in denial and ignorance or the motivations that prompt his or her actions, that it is a waste of life. Such a life is superficial, revealing nothing unique or real. |
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Plato, Apology
1. Who are the Sophists?
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Definition
| The Sophists, in ancient Greece, were a group of teachers of philosophy, politics, and rhetoric. They were known for using fallacious but plausible reasoning and deceptive argument through flowery speech. |
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Plato, Apology
1. What is Socrates’s concern about the relationship between truth and rhetoric?
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Definition
| Socrates starts off his Apology by establishing himself as “one who speaks the truth” (1). He aims to distinguish himself from the Sophists because they use rhetoric to manipulate the truth, while Socrates claims that he is an orator who speaks only the straight, non-manipulated truth. “from me you shall hear the whole truth—not, I can assure you, gentlemen, in flowery language like theirs, decked out with fine words and phrases” (1). |
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Plato, Apology
1. What does the image of the gadfly convey?
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Definition
In a famous passage, Socrates likens himself to a gadfly stinging the lazy horse that represents the Athenian state. Without the persistence of the gadfly (Socrates), the state is liable to drift into a deep sleep, but through his influence—irritating as it may be to some—it can be wakened into productive and virtuous action.
”I am that gadfly which god has attached to the state, and all day long and in all places am always fastening upon you, arousing and persuading and reproaching you” |
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Plato, Apology
1. Why does Socrates appeal to his poverty?
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Definition
| Socrates appeals to his poverty to prove that he is not making any money off of teaching the youth of Athens, like the Sophists. He claims that he has never “exacted or asked a fee from anyone. The witness that I can offer to prove the truth of my statement is, I think, a convincing one—my poverty” (16). |
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Plato, Apology
1. How does Socrates argue with his interlocutors?
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Definition
| Socrates argues with his interlocutors by asking them questions and directing their answers toward the point that he is trying to make. He verbally traps his opponents into agreeing with him by getting them to answer his carefully worded questions. He starts his questions out as vague, and then works slowly inward, trying to trap his opponents into contradicting themselves. |
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Plato, Apology
1. On what basis does Socrates argue that he never intentionally sought to harm others?
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Definition
| Socrates claims that he would never intentionally harm someone because “by spoiling the character of one my companions I shall run the risk of getting some harm from him” (10). He says that intentionally harming someone else also causes harm to the perpetrator. Being a corruptive influence would be corruptive to Socrates. He does not believe that “the law of God permits a better man to be harmed by a worse” (15). |
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Plato, Republic
1. What is the Ring of Gyges? Why is this image used?
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Definition
| Glaucon uses the legend of the rung of Gyges to emphasize that justice is not something practiced for its own sake but something one engages in out of fear and weakness. In this legend, Glaucon says that a just man is given a ring that makes him invisible. Once in possession of this ring, the man can act unjustly with no fear of reprisal. According to Glaucon, no one can deny that even the most just man would behave unjustly if he had this ring. He would indulge all of his materialistic, power-hungry, and erotically lustful urges. This tale process that people are only just because they are afraid of punishment for injustice. No one is just because justice is desirable in itself. (Severely pessimistic) |
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Plato, Republic
1. What are the three kinds of good? And why are they desired?
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Definition
According to Glaucon, there are 3 types of good:
1. Things that we desire for their consequences (i.e. medical treatment)
2. Things that we desire for their own sake (in and of itself)
3. Things that are desired for both their consequences and for their own sake à the best (i.e. wisdom, sight, and health)
Socrates claims that most people classify justice into the first group (the painful group), although it should be in the 3rd. something that one engages in out of fear and weakness, profound lack of empathy. To prove this point, Glaucon introduces the ring or Gyges (see above). |
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Plato, Republic
1. What are the various motivations for and understandings of justice that are presented?
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Definition
| Glaucon argues that justice, or morality, is merely a matter of convenience. It is natural for men to pursue their own interests regardless of others; but it would be impossible to run an orderly society on that basis, and the system of morality is arrived at as a compromise. A contrast between the perfectly ‘just’ and ‘unjust’ man shows that ‘injustice’ is the more paying proposition. Glaucon claims that no man is just of his own free will, but only under compulsion, and that no man think justice pays him personally, since he will always do wrong when he gets the chance. Adwimantus, adding to what Glaucon says, believes that men only do right for what they can get out of it, in this life and the next. They much prefer to do wrong, because in general it pays better, an they are encouraged to do wrong by contemporary religious beliefs which tell them that they can avoid punishment in this world if they sacrifice to the gods lavishly enough. He claims that wrong on the whole pays better than right. Socrates says that it is easier to view justice in a society than it is in an individual. |
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Term
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Plato, Republic
1. What is the relationship between justice and Socrates’s “City of Pigs”?
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Definition
Glaucon wants Socrates to prove that justice is not only desirable, but that it belongs to the highest class of desirable things: those desired both for their own sake and for their consequences. Socrates is reluctant to respond to this challenge of proving that justice is desirable in and of itself. He begins by claiming that there are two kinds of political justice:
1. The justice belonging to a city or state
2. The justice of a particular man
Since a city is bigger than a man, Socrates looks at the societal aspect of justice, rather than the individual. Socrates outlines a “healthy city,” in which each person has a specialization and the city is governed only by necessary desires. In a healthy city, there are only producers, and these producers only produce what is absolutely necessary for life. Glaucon looks less kindly on this city, calling it a “city of pigs”. He says that such a city is impossible: people have unnecessary desires as well as necessary ones. Political justice in the city leads to a greater understanding of justice within the individual. |
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Plato, Republic
1. What is the Allegory of the Sea Captain?
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Definition
| This allegory likens the governance of a city-state to the command of a naval vessel, and ultimately argues that the only men fit to be the captain of this ship are the philosopher kings, benevolent men with absolute power who have access to the Form of the Good. Plato establishes the comparison by describing the steering of a ship as just like any other craft or profession—in particular, that of a politician. He then runs the metaphor in reference to democracy. Plato’s democracy is pure rule by what he terms the poor masses by way of pure majority rule. Plato argues that the masses are too busy fighting over what they consider to be the right way to steer the ship to listen to the navigator (the philosopher king). This allegory is a cautionary tale against rule by anyone other than an enlightened philosopher. |
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Plato, Republic
1. What is the Image of the Divided Line?
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Definition
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