Term
| a patient presents with coryza "runny nose", sneezing, nasal congestion, and mild sore throat, diagnoses with common cold, which of the following associate with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Patient presents with allergic rhinitis, which of the following associate with symptom? |
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Definition
| IgE type I immune reaction involving mucosal and submucosal mast cells and characterized by increased eosinophils in peripheral blood and nasal discharge |
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Term
| Patients present with fever, allergic rhinitis, and injury to mucosal cilia, diagnosis with acute rhinitis, which of the organism is associate with the problem? |
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Definition
| Strept, staph, Haemophilus Influenzae |
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Term
| Which of the disorder associate with inflammation of the paranasal sinuses often caused by extension of nasal cavity or dental infection, or results in obstructed drainage outlets from the sinuses, leading to an accumulaton of mucoid secretions or exudate? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHich of the following disorders associate with acute inflammation characterized by inflammation and edema of the vocal cords, with resultant hoarseness? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the organism associate with acute epiglosttis and may be life threatening in young children? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following associate with acute laryngotracheobronchitis, mostly is life-threatening in infants? |
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Definition
most often caused by viral infeciton
Harch cough and inspiratory stridor |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with nasopharyngeal carcinoma? |
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Definition
most common in Southeast Asia and East Africa
Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with squamous cell carcinoma? |
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Definition
| the most frequently occuring malignant nasal tumor |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with Singer's nodule? |
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Definition
a small, benign laryngeal polyp, usually induced by chronic irritation, such as excessive use of the voice, and is associated most commonly with heavy cigarette smoking
usually localized to the true local cords. |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with Laryngeal papilloma? |
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Definition
a benign neoplasm usually located on the true vocal cords
occurs singly and sometimes undergoes malignant change
In children caused by papillomavirus.
Benign but often recur after resection |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with squamous cell carcinoma? |
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Definition
most common malignant laryngeal tumor
seen in men older than 40 years old
often associated with the combination of cigarette smoking and alcoholism
Persistent hoarsness |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with glottic carcinoma? |
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Definition
| malignant-arises from the true vocal cords, the most common laryngeal carcinoma and has the best prognosis |
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Term
| WHich of the following associate with supraglottic and subglottic carcinoma? |
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Definition
| are less common and have a poorer prognosis |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with acquired atelectasis? |
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Definition
| alveolar collapse caused by bronchial obstruction or external compression of lung parenchymal by tumors or by fleural accumulation of fluid |
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Term
| which of the following associate with primary atelectasis neonatorum? |
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Definition
| Associated with prematurity and intrauturine fetal anoxia |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with secondary atelectasis? |
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Definition
| Collapse of previously aerated bronchi |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD)? |
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Definition
cause by severe hypovolemic shock
inhalation of toxic gases, including oxygen therapy
sepsis (gm-)
acute pancreatitis, fat membolism, DIC
Acute diffuse alveolar damage: necrosis of type I pneumocytes
Exudation of protein rich fluid into the alveoli;pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, and hyaline membranes
Recovery associate with hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes and interstitial fibrosis |
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Term
| What associate with Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? |
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Definition
airflow obstruction
Increased compliance; Decreased elastic recoil
Lead to decrease FEV1 and increase FVC, lead to decrease FEV1/FVC |
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Term
| What associate with Restrictive Lung Disease? |
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Definition
Decreased Compliance, increased elastic recoil
Lead to FEV1 and FVC are both decreased, resulting in normal FEV1:FVC ration |
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Term
| Which of the following associate Bronchial Asthma (COPD) extrinsic? |
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Definition
Type I hypersensitivity response involving IgE bound to mast cells
begins in childhood, usually in patients with a family history of allergy |
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Term
| WHich of the following associate with COPD bronchial asthma intrinsic? |
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Definition
associated with chronic bronchitis results from exercise or cold-induced asthma
not associated with a history of allergy |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Bronchial Asthma? |
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Definition
manifest morphologically by:
bronchial smooth muscle hypertrophy
hyperplasia of goblet cells
thickening and hyalinizaiton of basement membranes
Proliferation of eosinophils
Whorl-like cells: Curschmann spirals
Crystalloids of eosinophi-derived proteins Charcot-leyden crytals |
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Term
| What are the complications of Asthma? |
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Definition
| May Lead to Status asthmaticus, a prolonged about bronchial asthma that can result in death |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with Chronic Bronchitis? |
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Definition
Clinically defined as a productive cough occuring during at least 3 consecutinve months over at least 2 consecutive years
Linked to cigarette smoking
Characterized by Hypersecretion of mucus due to marked hyperplasia of mucus-secreting submucosal glands
May lead to cor pulmonale (R-sided heart failure) |
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Term
| WHich of the following associate with COPD Emphysema? |
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Definition
Dilation of air spaces with destruction of alveolar walls and lack of elastic recoil
Associated with Cigarette smoking, increased anteroposterior diameter of the chest, "Barrel Chest" |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with Centriacinar Emphysema? |
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Definition
Dilation of the respiratory bronchioles
Upper part of the pulmonary lobes |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with Panacinar Emphysema? |
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Definition
| Associated with loss of elasticity and sometimes with genetically determined deficiency of alpha1-antitrypsin |
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Term
| Which of the following are the complicaitons of Emphysema? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following are the pathogenesis of Emphysema? |
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Definition
May result from Proteolytic enzyme such as elastase on the alveolar wall.
Elastase can induce destruction of elastin unless neutralized by the antiproteinase-antielastase activities of alpha1-antitrypsin |
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Term
| Which of the following are the pathogenesis of Emphysema? |
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Definition
Centriacinar emphysema
Attracts neutrophils and macrophages, sources of elastase
Inactivates alpha1-antitrypsin
Cigarette smoking |
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Term
| Which of the following are the pathogenesis of Emphysema? |
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Definition
The piZ allele codes for a structural alteration in the protein that interferes with its hepatic secretion
The homozygous state (piZZ) is associated with greatly decreased activity in alpha1-antitrypsin, panacinar emphysema, and often hepatic cirrhosis |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with Bronchiectasis? |
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Definition
Permenant abnormal bronchial dilation caused by chronic infection, with inflammation and necrosis of the bronchial wall
predisposed by bronchial obstruction, most often by tumor
Irreversible dilation-Kartagener's syndrome |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with ARDS? |
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Definition
Produced by diffuse alveolar damage with resultant increase in alveolar capillary permeability, causing leakage of protein-rich fluid into alveoli
Marked by the formation of an intra-alveolar hyaline membrane composed of fibrin and cellular debris
Results in severe impairment of respiratory gas exchange with consequent severe hypoxia |
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Term
| What are ARDS Pathogenesis? |
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Definition
neutrophil release substances toxic of the alveolar wall
Activation of the coagulaiton cascade is suggested by the presence of microemboli
Oxygen toxicity is mediated by the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals |
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Term
| What assciate with Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease)? |
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Definition
Hyaline membrane disease
Role of surfactant reduces surface tension within the lung, facilitating expansion during inspiration and preventing atelectasis during expiration
Measure Ratio of surfactant lecithin to sphingomyelin in the amniotic fluid
Lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio of 2:1 or greater indicates pulmonary maturity |
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Term
| What are the etiology of hyaline membrane disease? |
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Definition
Prematurity
Maternal diabetes mellitus
Birth by caesarean section |
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Term
| What associate with anthracosis? |
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Definition
| Carbon dust, it is endemic in urban areas and causes no harm |
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Term
| What associate with Coal workers pneumoconiosis? |
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Definition
Carbon and silica
Progressive massive fibrosis is marked by fibrotic nodules with necrotic black fluid |
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Term
| What associate with Silicosis? |
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Definition
Free silica dust
Silicotic nodules
Silicotuberculosis |
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Term
| What associate with Asbestosis? |
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Definition
Ferruginous bodies by Prussian blue+
Uncoated Asbestos fibers are not visible |
|
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Term
| what are the complications of asbestosis? |
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Definition
Bronchogenic carcinoma: most common neoplasm, cigarrette smoling has additive effect
Malignant mesothelioma: not the most common but the most specific:
100% mortality rate, 90% dead within 2 years |
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Term
| What are sarcoidosis associate with? |
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Definition
Noncaseating granulomas
Definitive diagnosis requires biopsy |
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Term
| What are the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? |
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Definition
Chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the alveolar wall
Honeycomb lung
Death within 5 years |
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Term
| What associate with Eosinophilic granuloma? |
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Definition
Localized proliferation of histocytic cells
Birkbeck Granules |
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Term
| What associate with Pulmonary Embolism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What associate with primary pulmonary hypertension? |
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Definition
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Term
| What associate with secondary pulmonary hypertension? |
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Definition
Most caused by COPD
Increased pulmonary blood flow as in congenital left-to-right shunt;
Increased resistance
Often lead to right ventricular hypertrophy |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with pulmonary edema? |
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Definition
Increased hydrostatic pressure
Increased alveolar capillary permeability |
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Term
| Which associate with pulmonary edema? |
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Definition
increased alveolar pressure
Pulmonary edema fluid is a transudate: low protein, low specific gravity, noninflammatory, no alteration of endothelium |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with pneumonia bacterial infection? |
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Definition
| see neutrophilic leukocytosis with an increase in band neutrophils (shift to the left) |
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Term
| What are the complication of pneumonia? |
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Definition
abscess formaiton
scar
bacteremic dissemination other organs |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with acute lobar pneumonia? |
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Definition
sharp demarcation
>90% S. pneumoniae
Klebsiella affects elderly, diabetics and alcoholics
Bronchi not affected; alveolar wall congested but not destroyed |
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Term
| What associate with lobar pneumonia? |
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Definition
Alveolar exudates only
No abscess formaiton
Acute congestion and edema (1st-2nd days)
Red hepatization (2nd-4th days)
Gray hepatization (4th-8th days)
Resolution |
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Term
| What associate with Bronchopneumonia? |
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Definition
Extending from the bronchioles into the adjacent alveoli
Abscess formaiton |
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Term
| What associate with interstitial (primary atypical) pneumonia? |
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Definition
Mycoplasma pneumoniae or viruses
Localized to interstitial areas
No exdudate in alveolar spaces, intraalveolar hyaline membranes
May be associated with nonspecific cold agglutinins reactive to red cells |
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Term
| What associate with interstitial (primary atypical) viral pneumonia? |
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Definition
most common types of pneumonia in childhood
Caused by influenza viruses, adenoviruses, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus, rarely CMV
May also arise after childhood exanthem such as rubeola (measles) or varicella (chickenpox) |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with Cytomegalovirus? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following associate with respiratory syncytial virus? |
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Definition
Yound children
Fall and winter
Bronchiolitis with necrosis of epithelium |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with Influenza Pneumonia |
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Definition
Destruction of ciliated respiratory epithelium; predisposes to superimposed bacterial pneumonia
No inclusions; necrosis and sloughing of the alveolar lining cells, interstitial pneumonitis |
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Term
| Which of the following associate with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia? |
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Definition
most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients
P. Carinii is protozoan
Diagnosed by morphologic demonstration of the organism in biopsy or bronchial washing specimens. |
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