Term
|
Definition
| lies anterior to the esophagus and posterior to the isthmus of the thyroid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Trachea lies anterior to the esophagus and posterior to the isthmus of the thyroid.
–Divides into the right and left main bronchi at about the level of T4 or T5 and just below the manubriosternal joint
–The main bronchi are divided into three branches on the right and two on the left.
Right bronchus wider, shorter, and more vertically placed than the left bronchus (and therefore more susceptible to aspiration of foreign bodies)
The branches then begin to subdivide into terminal bronchioles and ultimately into respiratory bronchioles where gas exchange takes place.
|
|
|
Term
| Tracheobronchial Tree (CONT.) |
|
Definition
The bronchial arteries branch from the anterior thoracic aorta and the intercostal arteries, supplying blood to the lung parenchyma and stroma.
Bronchial vein is formed at the hilum of the lung.
Most of the blood supplied by the bronchial arteries is returned by the pulmonary veins.
|
|
|
Term
| Relative decrease in pulmonary pressure most often leads to closure of the foramen ovale within minutes after birth. |
|
Definition
| Closure of the foramen ovale |
|
|
Term
–Increased oxygen tension in the arterial blood usually stimulates contraction and closure of the ductus arteriosus.
|
|
Definition
| closure of the ductus arteriosus. |
|
|
Term
•Mechanical and biochemical factors lead to function changes in respiratoryduring pregnancy
|
|
Definition
–Enlarging uterus
–Increased progesterone
|
|
|
Term
•Anatomic changes in chest during pregnancy
|
|
Definition
–Lower ribs flare.
–Diaphragm rises above usual position.
–Diaphragm movement increases so that major work of breathing is done by diaphragm.
–Minute ventilation increases due to increased tidal volume.
–Respiratory rate remains unchanged.
|
|
|
Term
| Older adult changes Chest |
|
Definition
•Barrel chest from loss of muscle strength in thorax and diaphragm and loss of lung resiliency
•Skeletal changes emphasizing dorsal curve of thoracic spine
•Alveoli less elastic, causing fatigue and dyspnea on exertion
•Decrease in vital capacity/increase in residual volume
•Mucous membranes drier
|
|
|
Term
| Apneic episodes-use of apnea monitor |
|
Definition
– associated perioral cyanosis, breath holding, post – tussive emesis, history of sudden infant death in sibling.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the most common congenital deformity of the anterior wall of the chest , in which several ribs and the sternum grow abnormally.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–are when the chest wall seems to cave in at the sternum, between the ribs, at the suprasternal notch, above the clavicles, and at the lowest costal margins.
•Suggests an obstruction to inspiration at any point in the respiratory tract
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–on inspiration, the lower thorax is drawn in, and on expiration, the opposite occurs.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Crackly or crinkly sensation, can be both palpated and heard
–Indicates air in the subcutaneous tissue
•Rupture somewhere in the respiratory system
•Infection with a gas-producing organism
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Palpable, coarse, grating vibration, usually on inspiration
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Loss of symmetry in the movement of the thumbs suggests a problem on one or both sides.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Palpable vibration of the chest wall that results from speech or other verbalizations
|
|
|
Term
–Resonance is normal.
–Hyperresonance indicates hyperinflation.
–Dullness indicates diminished air exchange.
|
|
Definition
Percussion tone indicators for lungs
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Low-pitched, low-intensity sounds heard over healthy lung tissue
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heard over the major bronchi and are typically moderate in pitch and intensity
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Highest in pitch and intensity
–Ordinarily heard only over the trachea
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Breathing that resembles the noise made by blowing across the mouth of a bottle
–Most often heard with a large, relatively stiff-walled pulmonary cavity or a tension pneumothorax with bronchopleural fistula
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Sounding as if coming from a cavern
–Commonly heard over a pulmonary cavity in which the wall is rigid
|
|
|
Term
Crackles (formerly called rales)
|
|
Definition
•Abnormal respiratory sound heard more often during inspiration and characterized by discrete discontinuous sounds
•Fine: high pitched, and relatively short in duration
•Coarse: low pitched, and relatively longer in duration
|
|
|
Term
Rhonchi (sonorous wheezes)
|
|
Definition
•Deeper, more rumbling, more pronounced during expiration, more likely to be prolonged and continuous, and less discrete than crackles
•Caused by the passage of air through an airway obstructed by thick secretions, muscular spasm, new growth, or external pressure
|
|
|
Term
–Wheezes (sibilant wheeze)
|
|
Definition
•Continuous, high-pitched, musical sound (almost a whistle) heard during inspiration or expiration
•Caused by a relatively high-velocity air flow through a narrowed or obstructed airway
•May be caused by the bronchospasm of asthma (reactive airway disease) or acute or chronic bronchitis
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Occurs outside the respiratory tree
•Dry, crackly, grating, low-pitched sound and is heard in both expiration and inspiration
•Caused by inflamed, roughened surfaces rubbing together
|
|
|
Term
–Mediastinal crunch (Hamman sign)
|
|
Definition
•Found with mediastinal emphysema
•Variety of sounds—loud crackles, clicking and gurgling sounds are synchronous with the heartbeat and not particularly so with respiration
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Greater clarity and increased loudness of spoken sounds
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Extreme bronchophony where even a whisper can be heard clearly through the stethoscope
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Intensity of the spoken voice is increased and there is a nasal quality.
–e’s become stuffy broad a’s
|
|
|
Term
| Periodic breathing infant |
|
Definition
| a sequence of relatively vigorous respiratory efforts followed by apnea of as long as 10 to 15 seconds, is common. |
|
|
Term
| Paradoxic breathing (infant) |
|
Definition
•the chest wall collapses as the abdomen distends on inspiration) is common, particularly during sleep.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–High-pitched, piercing sound most often heard during inspiration
–Result of an obstruction high in the respiratory tree
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Mechanism by which the infant tries to expel trapped air or fetal lung fluid while trying to retain air and increase oxygen levels
–Cause for concern if persistent
|
|
|
Term
Asthma (reactive airways disease)
|
|
Definition
–Small airways obstruction due to inflammation and hyperreactive airways ex: wheezing
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Incomplete expansion of the lung at birth or the collapse of the lung at any age. Most common in patients who are hospitalized.
If non treated leads to pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Inflammation of the large airways
–You expect to hear coughing, coarse crackles, rhoncii, wheezing
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Inflammatory process involving the visceral and parietal pleura, which becomes edematous and fibrinous
–Pleural friction rub sound
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Excessive nonpurulent fluid in the pleural space
–Hear diminished breath sounds
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Purulent exudative fluid collected in the pleural space
–Hear sound dullness
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Well-defined, circumscribed mass defined by inflammation, suppuration, and subsequent central necrosis
- hear dullness with abscess
- hear diminished sounds with lung
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Inflammatory response of the bronchioles and alveoli to an infective agent (bacterial, fungal, or viral)
–Hear dullness
- most common place to get is right lobe
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Viral infection of the lung
–Normally an upper respiratory infection, but due to alterations in the epithelial barrier, the infected host is more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Chronic infectious disease that most often begins in the lung but may then have widespread manifestations
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity
–Hear diminished sound over it.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Presence of blood in the pleural cavity
–Diminished breath sounds
–Dullness on percussion
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Generally refers to bronchogenic carcinoma, a malignant tumor that evolves from bronchial epithelial structures
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Acute or chronic condition involving right-sided heart failure
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Embolic occlusion of pulmonary arteries
–Relatively common condition
–Difficult to diagnose
|
|
|
Term
| Respiratory distress Syndrome |
|
Definition
–Preterm infant has great difficulty breathing.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Result of an imperfectly structured diaphragm, occurs once in slightly more than 2000 live births
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Autosomal recessive disorder of exocrine glands involving the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Acute, life-threatening infection involving the epiglottis and surrounding tissues
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Syndrome that generally results from infection with a variety of viral agents, particularly the parainfluenza viruses occurring most often in children from about 1½ to 3 years of age
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Lack of rigidity or a floppiness of the trachea or airway
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Bronchiolar (small airways) inflammation leading to hyperinflation of the lungs occurring most often in infants younger than 6 months
|
|
|
Term
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
|
|
Definition
–COPD is a nonspecific designation that includes a group of respiratory problems in which cough, chronic and often excessive sputum production, and dyspnea are prominent features.
–Not limited to older adults, smokers at greatest risk
–Emphysema, bronchiectasis, and chronic bronchitis are the main conditions that are included in this group.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Condition in which the lungs lose elasticity and alveoli enlarge in a way that disrupts function
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic dilation of the bronchi or bronchioles is caused by repeated pulmonary infections and bronchial obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
–Large airway inflammation, usually a result of chronic irritant exposure; more commonly, a problem for patients older than 40
|
|
|
