1. CH-  bonds: Methyl, Ethyl, Propionyl, Butyl, Pentanyl

2. Branched bonds are called "iso-"

3. Double bonds "-ene"

Allopathic:straight chains. One example is an isoprene group (building block for steroids and Vitamin A)

Aromatic: ring structure; an example is a benzene ring

Alcohol

Ketone

Carboxylic Acid

Acetic Anhydrise

Aldehyde

Either

(Always-Keep-Condoms-Accessible-for-Absolute-Emergency)

Sulfhydryl Group (S-H)

Disulfide Group (two S- two sisters- di sister)

Amino Acid ( NH2)

Quarternary Amine (N surrounded by 4 Cs)

Thioester C-S-C

Amines C-NH

Phosphoester =P-O-C

Esters C-O-C

(TAPE)

Oxidation: loss of H+, and gain of O atom. Charge will not reduce

Reduction: gain of H+ and loss of O. Charge is reduced

Dopamine is a primary amine with very little charge.

Dopamine will get into BBB much better than choline because cholline has a quarternary group with much greater charge

Polar vs. Nonpolar Bonds

(electron sharing and water solubility)

Polar bonds tend to carry a slight negative charge, and will be hydrophilic.

Nonpolar bonds share electrons equally and will be hydrophobic.

1. Number (or greek letter assign) carbons starting with the carbon NEXT to the most oxidized group.

2. Recognize side groups like -OH (hydroxy) and be sure to mention the carbon number it is attached to.

A linear chain of 3 or more carbons starting with C=O, while succeeding bonds are C-OH.

The suffix will be -ose

If the C=O is aldehyde then molecule is an aldose

If the C=O is ketone then molecule is ketose

These sugars are determined by looking at the C-OH bond that is farthest from the carbonyl's carbon.

If this hydroxyl group is placed to the right= D sugar

If hydroxyl group is placed left= L sugar

* Most sugars are D sugars

Will have the SAME chemical formula! (S is for stereoisomer and for same)

More than one hydroxyl group will be in different spots between the two.

Also stereoisomers (same chemical formula)

But difference is only between ONE hydroxyl group

Ring Structures,

Determining Anomeric Carbon

When in solution- most monosaccharides are rings!

The anomeric carbon is located between =C and -OH.

alpha position is when -OH is down

beta position is when -OH is up

Attach sugars to each other!

N glycosidic bonds: nucleotides, nucleosides

O glycosidic bonds: lactose

What is a disaccharide?

Name 3 different ones and which sugars make them?

A disaccharide is 2 monosaccharides joined by an O-glycosidic link.

1. Lactose (made by glucose and galactose @ Beta1-4 C)

2. Sucrose (glucose and fructose)

3. Maltose (made by two glucose)

3-12 monosaccharides make these up

One example is glycoproteins

tens to thousands of monosaccharides make these! Usually branched

Examples: amylopectin (starch) and glycogen. Both of these are branched!

LIPIDS:

Saturated vs. Unsaturated fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids: short chains with single bonds and low MPs

Unsaturated fatty acids: long chains with double bonds and low MPs

- do not have glycerol backbone, have sphigosine instead

- form by attaching hydoxyl groups to ceramide

-sphingosine is also a precursor to ceramide

four ring structures for which cholesterol is the precursor.

Derivatives of cholesterol are cholic acid and Beta-estradiol

Nitrogen-Containing Compounds

and N-containing ring structures

Main N-containing compounds are amino acids.

Rings:

Have single e- in outer orbital . introduced into body system from environment. If you have abnormal metabolism and cells cannot deal with free radicals then they start to accumulate  and your body begins producing free radicals within body

Examples: NO2, O2-