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Public Speaking Test 1
terms
129
Debate/Speech
Undergraduate 1
03/30/2008

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Term
rhetoric
Definition
public speaking. During the Golden Age of Greek civilization, Aristotle and other leading intellectuals taught rhetoric to citizens of Athens.
Term
deliberative
Definition
speeches that debate public policy in legislative settings
Term
epideictic
Definition
speeches that celebrate special occasions
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
tendency of any nation, race, or religion to believe that its way of seeing and doing things is right and proper and that other perspectives and behaviors are incorrect.
Term
ethics
Definition
moral dimension of human conduct--the way we treat others and the way we want to be treated.
Term
responsible knowledge (of topic)
Definition
* knowing the main points of concern
* understanding what experts believe about them
* being aware of the most recent events or discoveries concerning them
* realizing how these points affect the lives of listeners
Term
quoting out of context
Definition
distorting the meaning of a quote for the purpose of your point
Term
plagiarism
Definition
presenting the ideas or words of others as though they were your own, without acknowledging where the ideas or words came from
Term
egocentrism
Definition
tendency to believe that our thoughts, dreams, interests, and desires are or should be shared by others.
Term
communication orientation
Definition
concentrating of your message and your audience, not on yourself. (and your anxieties, worries etc.)
Term
narrative
Definition
stories that make characters come to life, ass interest and authenticity to speech
Term
analogy
Definition
a comparison of something with something else, to give your topic meaning and relatability
Term
examples
Definition
illustrate points, clarify uncertainty, make events seem authentic.
Term
testimony
Definition
statements offered by experts or other respected people. Can strengthen the authority of your speech
Term
fact
Definition
help turn assertions into well documented arguments
Term
statistics
Definition
same as fact, compare percentages, averages etc.
Term
categorical design
Definition
logical pattern that develops a subject according to the natural or customary divisions.
Term
transitions
Definition
help you move from one point to another
Term
identification
Definition
feeling of sharing or closeness that can develop between speakers and listeners. Typically occurs when you believe someone is like you--that you have the same outlook on life or that you share similar backgrounds or values.
Term
discriminative listening
Definition
first rung on the ladder, listening in which we respond to the sounds of our aural world
Term
comprehensive listening
Definition
point of transtition between being aware of sounds and finding meaning in them. Focusing on message, understanding speaker's verbal and non-verbal language, and interpreting message. Voluntary, can choose whether or not to listen this way
Term
empathetic listening
Definition
listening and trying to see things from the speaker's point of view, even though we may not agree with them
Term
appreciative listening
Definition
aesthetic phase of listening process. Involves responding to the beauty of a message. I.e. eloquence, simplicity and balance of a speech. Very relevant when listening to ceremonial speeches.
Term
critical listening
Definition
major goal of educational process. Analyzing and evaluating the content of a message
Term
constructive listening
Definition
Involves an active search for the value that messages may have for our lives. Motivated listening, presumes that all messages may have value.
Term
trigger words
Definition
words that set off such powerful emotional reactions that they dominate the meaning of a speech, derail your comprehension and defeat critical listening.
Term
filtering
Definition
when you don't process all incoming information, only hear what you want to hear, unconsciously screen the speaker's words
Term
assimilation
Definition
means that you see positions similar to your own as being closer to it than they actually are. Happens when listeners have a strong positive attitude towards a speaker or topic.
Term
contrast effect
Definition
occurs when you see positions different from yours as being more distant than they actually are. i.e. if you are a staunch liberal you may think anything conservatives say will differ from what you believe even if that's not true.
Term
physiological needs
Definition
need for food, water and comfort. Speeches involving these (about clean air, fast food, etc) arouse listeners
Term
safety needs
Definition
need to feel protected from harm. Speeches about something that threatens our safety get listener's attention.
Term
belonging needs
Definition
values of friendship and family ties. Speeches that make people feel included in a cause, whether it be for our nation or a group, are effective.
Term
identification
Definition
sense of sharing the fate of others...can connect all humans, thus speakers can ask for reform by appealing to our sense of identification with women in Afghanistan for example
Term
esteem needs
Definition
need for self-respect, prestige, pride, success and the respect of others. Speeches that show audience how they can improve themselves and enhance chances for success are effective
Term
self-actualization needs
Definition
needs to develop our identities and realize our potential. Speeches with tales of self-actualization work because people listen and hold the stories up as a model for their own lives
Term
gender stereotyping
Definition
making broad generalizations about men or women based on outdated assumptions.
Term
sexist language
Definition
involves making gender references in situations in which the gender is unknown or irrelevant. use of "he" or "man"
Term
symbolic racism
Definition
racism expressed subtly or covertly "in our neighborhood, we believe in family values"
Term
marking
Definition
adding an irrelevant reference to gender, ethnicity, race or sexual preference when none is needed. "Thompson, the hispanic engineer" "Martina, the lesbian tennis player"
Term
preliminary tuning effect
Definition
the speeches presented immediately before yours create an atmosphere in which you must work.
Term
general purpose
Definition
to persuade, to inform, etc.
Term
specific purpose
Definition
states precisely what you want your listeners to understand, believe, feel or do
Term
thesis statement
Definition
central idea of the speech, summarizes in a single sentence the essential meaning or message of your speech
Term
responsible knowledge
Definition
most comprehensive understanding of your topic that you can develop on the time available for prep.
includes: main issues, what respected authorities say, latest developments, related local applications.
Term
authority
Definition
must evaluate credentials of both the source and the sponsor of the information
Term
accuracy
Definition
look for additional links to other websites or citations of print documents that relate to the topic.
Term
objectivity
Definition
measures information's freedom from bias or personal feelings and the degree to which you can trust it.
Term
currency
Definition
date of posting or revising material
Term
coverage
Definition
breadth and depth of information provided
Term
testimony
Definition
citing the words or ideas of others, can reinforce or interpret the facts and figures in your message. Also can bring humanity to subject
Term
expert testimony
Definition
comes from people who are qualified by training or experience to speak as authorities on a subject.
Term
reluctant testimony
Definition
when people speak out against their apparent self-interest. Listeners give high marks for character and honesty to those who feel compelled to tell the truth, despite their own agendas.
Term
lay testimony
Definition
wisdom of ordinary people. Public opinion polls, how "the people" feel about a topic.
Term
testimonial
Definition
lay testimony that is used in support of a person, practice, product or institution
Term
prestige testimony
Definition
associates your message with the words of a respected public figure.
Term
direct quotation
Definition
useful when material is brief, exact wording is important or language is especially eloquent
Term
paraphrase
Definition
to restate in your own words what others have said. You must site the source though
Term
literal analogy
Definition
ties together subjects from the same realm of experience, such as football or soccer.
Term
figurative analogy
Definition
combines subjects from different realms of experience. For example, comparing building a house to building a speech
Term
good form
Definition
depends on simplicity, balance and order. A concept that comes from the Gestalt psychologists. Well organized speeches
Term
simplicity
Definition
to achieve simplicity, limit the number of main ideas in speech and keep your wording direct and to the point.
Term
balance
Definition
means that the major parts of your speech--intro, body, conclusion--receive appropriate development.
Term
order
Definition
speech that follows a consistent pattern of development from beginning to end. Starts by introducing subject and purpose, continues by developing main ideas in body, and ends by summarizing and reflecting.
Term
main points
Definition
most important ideas of your message, the points of focus that will advance your specific purpose.
Term
transitions
Definition
show your listeners how your ideas connect, help them focus on the meaning of what you have already discussed and prepare them for what's to come
Term
internal summary
Definition
specific type of transition that reminds listeners of the points you have covered before you move onto the next part of your message. Especially helpful in cause-effect and problem-solution speeches
Term
rhetorical question
Definition
question that does not prompt a direct answer, but rather arouses curiosity and starts listeners thinking about the topic.
Term
identification
Definition
occurs when people overcome the personal and cultural differences that separate them and share thoughts and feelings as though they were one.
Term
coordination
Definition
suggests that all statements at a given level (I's and II's, A's and B's) should be of similar importance.
Term
subordination
Definition
requires that material descend in importance from the general and abstract main points to the concrete and specific subpoints, and subpoints related to them.
Term
parallel construction
Definition
when successive sentences or phrases follow the same pattern of wording in order to emphasize an idea.
ie We need to reform at the national level
We need to reform at the state level
We need to reform at the local level
But first, we need to reform ourselves
Term
denotative meaning
Definition
dictionary definition
Term
connotative meaning
Definition
invests a subject with the speaker's personal connections and emotions..... INTENSIFIES FEELINGS!
Term
jargon
Definition
technical language that is specific to a profession. You wont be understood if you use jargon in front of an audience outside that profession.
Term
malapropisms
Definition
mixing up words that sound alike "he is the very pineapple of politeness" meant PINNACLE. or "I must have had ambrosia" meant amnesia
Term
metaphor
Definition
brief, concentrated form of comparison that is implied, unexpected and sometimes startling....when you use a metaphor you PULL A RABBIT OUT OF A HAT!
bow wave example
Term
personification
Definition
treats inanimate subjects, such as ideas or institutions, as though they had human form or feeling.
"Goddess of Liberty" in Tiananmen Square
Term
antithesis
Definition
arranges different or opposing ideas in the same or adjoining sentences to create a striking contrast. Magnifies the speaker as a person of vision, leadership and action. Suggests they have a clear, decisive grasp of options.

"With the proper instruction, environment, and encouragement, Special Olympians can learn not only sports skills, but life skills"

"Ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country" JFK
Term
inversion
Definition
reverses the expected order of words in a phrase or sentence to make statement more memorable and emphatic.
"Ask not"
WHAT IS THE DIFF BTWN THIS AND ANTITHESIS
Term
alliteration
Definition
repeats the initial sound in a closely connected pattern of words
Term
expanded conversational style
Definition
talking with listeners, not at them. Direct, spontaneous, colorful and tuned to the responses of listeners. A bit more formal than everyday conversation but still natural.
Term
immediacy
Definition
closeness between speaker and listeners. Likableness dimension of ethos. encourages listeners to open mind up to you and be influenced by what you say!!!
TO ACHIEVE IMMEDIACY!
reduce actual distance
smile, eye contact
gestures
use voice to express emotion
Term
vocal distractions
Definition
BAD. i.e. um, well, okay, you know.....vocal fillers, may indicate nervousness or be when the speaker is collecting thoughts but in general are distracting and indicate that the speaker lacks confidence in themselves or their message.
Term
proxemics
Definition
the study of how humans use space.

distance
elevation
Term
distance
Definition
distance between speakers and listeners affects their sense of closeness or immediacy. Greater the distance harder it is to achieve identification. BUT if too close, makes people uncomfortable.
Term
elevation
Definition
also affects closeness between speaker and listeners. Standing above seated listeners sometimes evokes "power position" and discourages identification
Term
PREP formula
Definition
used in impromptu speaking, develops each point and keeps speaker from rambling. state the Point, give a Reason or Example, then Restate the point. PREP
Term
impromptu
Definition
"speaking off the cuff"...when you have little or no time for preparation or practice. Sometimes in prepared speeches you have impromptu moments, but other situations such as class or on the spot presentations use impromptu as dominant mode of speaking
Term
extemporaneous
Definition
prepared and practiced, but not written out or memorized
Term
manuscript
Definition
read to an audience form either text or teleprompter. Lose eye contact, and IMMEDIACY!!
Term
memorized text
Definition
written out, committed to memory and delivered word for word.
problems: many people do not write in oral style, delivery sounds stilted or sing-songy, inhibits adapting to feedback, get too caught up with memorizing and forget about COMMUNICATING!!! MOST IMPORTANT THING!!
Term
prepersuasive function
Definition
power of informative speaking to influence perceptions can prepare listeners for later persuasive messages. Depending on a persons point of view (optimistic about teaching vs. pessimistic) you will be primed to respond differently to a later message (i.e. urging you to become a teacher).
Term
agenda-setting function
Definition
media has power to influence what we think about by allotting more time to certain subjects than others. Informative speaking has the same power--what you choose to include influences what audience feels is important.
Term
repetition
Definition
repeated sounds, words or phrases attract attention!!!!! alliteration, for example
Term
novelty
Definition
people are attracted to NEW AND UNUSUAL things. if you have a fresh way of saying or presenting something, even disinterested listeners will tune in. NOVEL way of saying things "just the tip of the wasteberg" "New Deal"
Term
activity
Definition
anything that moves attracts attention. Gesturing and moving towards audience attract attention, so does language that evokes movement/activity "until--until--until" when describing earthquake.
Term
relevance
Definition
things that relate to our specific needs attract attention. Audience application. cigarette butts collected, mentioning specific area. MAKE THEM CARE!
Term
retention
Definition
making your listeners remember and use the info you give them is crucial. Therefore, make it relevant, repetitive, catchy and thus MEMORABLE!
Term
spatial design
Definition
appropriate for speeches that develop topics within a physical setting. Yellowstone park speech. Helps listeners visualize setting, provides listeners with an oral map.
Term
chronological design
Definition
follows the sequence of important events in the history of a subject.
Term
categorical design
Definition
when you explain subjects that have natural or customary divisions (4 types of...)
Term
comparison and contrast
Definition
points out the similarities and/or differences between subjects or ideas. Each similarity or difference becomes a main point. "Changes in how women are portrayed in advertising"
Term
persuasion
Definition
art of gaining fair and favorable consideration for our points of view. Ethical persuasion=grounded in sound reasoning, and is sensitive to the feelings and needs of listeners.
Term
deliberation
Definition
consideration of all sides of an issue before a decision is made.
Term
awareness
Definition
knowing about a problem, paying attention to it, and understanding how it affects our lives. First step in persuasive process.
Term
understanding
Definition
second phase of persuasive process. Listeners must grasp what you are telling them and be MOVED by your ideas and understand how to CARRY OUT your proposals.
Term
agreement
Definition
third stage of persuasive process. listeners should AFFIRM YOUR MESSAGE AND AGREE WITH YOU!
Term
enactment
Definition
fourth stage. getting listeners to act on your argument (sign a petition, raise hands, voice agreement) May require furhter use of emotional appeals
Term
integration
Definition
final stage, when listeners integrate new attitudes and commitment with their old beliefs or values. Ideas must fit comfortably within their belief system, make them realize that this action is consistent with their values and THEN THEY'LL TAKE LASTING ACTION YESSSSS
Term
boomerang effect
Definition
when you propose too much change so audience reacts by opposing your position even more strongly.
Term
great expectation fallacy
Definition
to hope for a major change on the basis of any single persuasive effort. Must be patient with reluctant listeners, move them one step at a time.
Term
multisided presentation
Definition
acknowledging your opposing arguments--shows that you respect and acknowledge position BUT not accept it.
Term
inoculation effect
Definition
making those you persuade resistant to counter-attacks because you show them how to answer arguments. MULTISIDED presentation achieves this.
Term
sleeper effect
Definition
when change shows up only after listeners have had time to integrate the message into their belief system.
Term
proofs
Definition
must be developed when building strong arguments. May be based on evidence, may tap into our emotional reactions, may be based on our social heritage or may call on personal leadership qualities of speaker. logos, pathos, ethos, mythos
Term
logos
Definition
appeals to reason. grounded in strong evidence, make sense, etc.
Term
pathos
Definition
appeals to personal feelings such as fear, pity, and anger...examples and narratives do this
Term
ethos
Definition
when you respond to personal qualities of speaker (competence, character, good will, dynamism)
Term
data
Definition
hard evidence in the form of facts, statistics and expert testimony
Term
claim
Definition
conclusion speaker draws from data...primarily inductive
Term
warrant
Definition
principle that justifies the movement from data to claim. Authorizes us to draw conclusions from a similar case, deductive element of model ***??
Term
backing
Definition
additional justification to strengthen to warrant
Term
reservations
Definition
acknowledge conditions under which the claim may not follow. Ethical persuaders have a duty to acknowledge these "unless...."
Term
qualifiers
Definition
terms that express the force of the claim "probably, almost certainly, in all likelihood"
Term
problem-solution design
Definition
first convinces listeners that there is a problem and then shows them how to deal with it.
Term
motivated sequence design
Definition
practical, step-by step approach when speakers wish to move from awareness through enactment in single speech.
arouse attention, demonstrate need, satisfy need, visualize results, call for action
Term
post hoc fallacy
Definition
assuming that is something happens after the event, it was caused by the event. confused association with causation....i.e. superstitions
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