the five parts in the process of preparing a speech:

      1. invention

           2. arrangement

3. style

    4. memory

    5. delivery

ethos

"character"

includes:

• competence - as demonstrated by the speaker's grasp of the subject matter
• good moral character - as reflected in the speaker's trustworthiness, straightforwardness, and honest presentation of the message
• goodwill - as demonstrated by the speaker's knowledge and attitude of respect toward the audience and the particular speech occasion

• Trustworthiness - don't lie
• Respect - for the audience or the other side
• Responsibility - accurate sources
• Fairness - open-minded

• Wholesale plagirism - copy and paste
• Patchright plagirism - own words but don't site

• Type/Name of origin
• Author or origin of source
• Title description
• Publication date - or date you looked at it

• Think about the audience
• appropriate
• interesting
• need to know
• Think about the goal
• celebrate
• inform
• persuade
• Think about the time
• Think about if the topic is overdone - and if so, how it can be made unique

Pick

• interests
• experiences
• other people's interests/concerns

1. creates interest, engages attention
2. illustrates, clarifies, elaborates on your ideas - adds meaning (examples)
3. proves that a statement is correct - backs up opinions and ideas - gives your speech substance

Types of Supporting Material

Soft

• examples
• brief - elaborate, clarify one concept
• extended - one example to demonstrate many concepts, or vice versa
• hypothetical - made up example (must state that it is made up)
• narratives - stories

Hard

• testimony - needs name, title, and description
• expert - proffessional in a field
• lay - averave person with only some experience
• facts
• statistics - numerical data *do not overdo*
• presentation aids

primary research - interviews, surveys

secondary research - other people's research

• check the URL
• see if they have sponsors (usually credible)
• see if they are an advocacy or personal website (not usually credible unless the person is credible)
• check creditentials - "about us" section
• check accuracy of information
• see if the website is unbiased
• check if information is current
• see if other sites are cited/links to other web sites
• see if it goes against what you previously know to be true/false

• Conversational - like talking with friends, but more formal
• Enthusiasm
• Confidence - eye contact, posture, voice control, keep composure
• Relationship with the Audience - explain how the topic relates

• Manuscript - always accurate, but no eye contact; can be monotone (news broadcaster, politician)
• Memorized - frees you up, illusion of eye contact, could potentially forget words, don't really know your speech (actors)
• Impromptu - conversational, eye contact, disorganized, "umm" (interviews, breaking news)
• Extemporaneous - prepared, rehearsed, know your information, conversational, eye contact, audience gives feedback, engaging, movement

• Volume - consider size of room and distractions, be loud and show enthusiasm
• Pitch/Intonation - changes meaning of the words, shows emotion, mood, and conviction
• Rate of Speech - adds excitement and drama, attention
• Pauses - "umms", silent pauses for drama, attention
• Vocal Variety - all of the above, do NOT be monotone

pronounce words correctly

use articulation - be CLEAR

use correct grammar

• clarifies and reinforces message - adds more meaning
• facilitates feedback
• aids in building relationships with the audience
• aids in speaker credibility - how you dress, vocal variety, eye contact