Term
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Definition
| Safe Drinking water act and Clean water Act |
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Term
| where do the two major water statutes overlap? |
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Definition
| When surface water under CWA overlaps with SDWA as a source for drinking water |
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Term
| What does the Safe Drinking Water act entail |
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Definition
| Water systems, ground water, and ground water for drinking and surface water used as drinking water |
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Term
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Definition
| waste water treatment plants, surface water used for industrial use, recreation, wildlife habitat, and fishing |
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Term
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Definition
Rivers and harbors act 1888
- Federal Water pollution control act 1948
- Water Quality improvement act (1965)
- Clean Water Act 1972 |
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Term
| when was the clean water act amended and what was it called |
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Definition
| it was amended in 1987 as the water quality act |
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Term
| Pre-1972 water laws focused on |
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Definition
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Term
| Water quality post 1972 focused on |
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Definition
| Technology based approach and technology and water quality based approach |
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Term
| What was the national goal under the CWA |
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Definition
| eliminate all pollutant discharges from water sources by 1985 |
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Term
| Definition of surface water of the U.S. |
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Definition
-used in interstate commerce
- all interstate waters and wetlands
- intrastate waters whose degreadation would affect commerce |
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Term
| definition of surface water of the U.S. |
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Definition
- territorial seas at cylical high tide mark
- wetlands adjacent to all waters |
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Term
definition of water pollutant
According to CWA section 502 (6) |
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Definition
| means dredged soil, solid waste, incinerator residue, filter backwash, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical waste, biological materials, heat, wrecked or disregarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar, dirt, industrial, municipal, and agricultural waste |
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Term
Definition point source
according to CWA 502(14) |
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Definition
| any discernable, confined, discrete conveyance, including but not limited to, any pipe ditch channel tunnel conduit, well, discrete fissure, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operations, some vessels or floating craft |
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Term
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Definition
| the human - made or human induced alteration of a chemical, physical, radiological integrity of the water |
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Term
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Definition
- set goals and establish standardss
- conduct monitoring in determining if meeting standards
- develop stratagies in attaining and sustaining standards
- implement stratagies
- monitor results |
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Term
| General Elements of the CWA |
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Definition
-Water Quality standards
- Water Quality monitoring and reporting
- Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL)'s
- National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
- various grants |
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Term
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Definition
-21,000 impaired or threatened bodies of water in US
-Approximately 40,000 TMDL's are needed
- 300,000 miles of rivers and coastal shore lines.
- 75 percent of segments are 1 - 20 miles long
- 5 million acres of lakes
- 210 million people live with in 10 miles of at least one impaired body of water
- |
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Term
| why do we need clean water |
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Definition
- drinking
- recreation
- fishing
- food
- aquatic life / wild life
- land wild life depend on aquatic wild life food chain |
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Term
| percent sources of impairment |
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Definition
- 47 percent combo of point and non-poin sources
- 43 percent non-point sources only
- 10 percent point sources only |
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Term
| industry affect on water contamination |
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Definition
industrialization - discharges of metals and chemicals
Agriculture - run off from pesticides and fertilizer
advent of atomic age - concerns about radionuclides |
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Term
| Non point source NPS program entails |
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Definition
State and tribal NPS management
- federal grants to states and tribes
- public education programs and contour strip cropping |
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Term
| Water Quality Standards WQS |
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Definition
addresses all surface waters
key elements
- designated uses
- water quality criteria
- antidegredation
optional provisions (exemptions) |
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Term
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Definition
Drinking Water sources
- Treated / untreated
Human Contact
Fishing / eating
aquatic life
- warm and cold water species
agriculture water supply
industrial water supply |
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Term
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Definition
- Warm water aquatic life WWAl
- Cold Water aquatic life CWAL
- Secondary Contact recreation 2C
- primary contact recreation 1C
- Agriculture water supply A
- Industrial water supply I
- Public water supply PWS |
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Term
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Definition
| designed to maintain high quality waters |
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Term
| Technology based Vs. Water quality based |
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Definition
technology based
- source > pollutant > water boddy
Water Quality based
- water body > pollutant > source |
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Term
| process for water quality standard |
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Definition
- Standards established in all states and tribes
- EPA must review / approve the standards
- If EPA disagrees, promulagates standards
- state must review and resubmit WQS every 3 years |
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Term
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Definition
- Strategy for achieving WQS
- based on the relationship between pollutant sources and the condition of the waterway
- describes an allowable load and allocates it among several sources |
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Term
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Definition
amount of a specific pollutant that a water body can receive and assimilate in a given time period and still meet WQS
- States and tribes required to develop TMDL's on the list
- TMDL's are either approved or disaproved by EPA |
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Term
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Definition
Allowable pollutant load (cap)
- allocation of cap among sources
- margin of saftey
or TMDL = sum of point sources + sum of non point sources + margin of saftey |
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Term
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Definition
for specific pollutants
- sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, temperature, copper, mercury |
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Term
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Definition
for pollutant indicators
- biological oxygen demand (BOD)
- Chemical Oxygen demand (COD)
may be daily, weekly, monthly, yearly
may vary by season |
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Term
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Definition
| A variety of analytical approaches may be used to develop a TMDL depending on the complexity of the system and data available |
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Term
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Definition
- Dynamic modeling
- 2-D modeling
- 3-D modeling
- mass balance equation |
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Term
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Definition
- Each Point source with NPDES permit recieves a waste load allocation (WLA)
- point sources covered under general permits receive WLA
- individual sources, categories, subcategories, of non-point sources recieve Load Allocation
- no EPA rules on how to allocate |
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Term
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Definition
Deep Creek Lake, Montana
- stream
- temperature pollutant
- |
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Term
| TMDL deep creek lake, montana |
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Definition
- TMDL's established
- goal was to decrease eroding stream bank by 50 percent
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Term
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Definition
| illegal for point source (pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, vessel or other human made conveyance) to discharge pollutants to surface water without permit |
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Term
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Definition
permit is a liscense granting permission to discharge
-Permit is not a right and can be taken away wiht non compliance |
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Term
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Definition
- Industrial and municipal waste water
- industrial, urban, construction and storm water run off
- Concentrated Animal Feeding operations (CAFO)'s
- active, inactive and abandoned mines
- some ships
- offshore oil rigs
- can over lap with RCRA sources |
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Term
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Definition
Entirely exempt
- return flows from irrigated agriculture
- CERCLA cleanups
Can be included
- logging roads
- small feedlots and aqua-culture facilties |
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Term
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Definition
Permit term lasts 5 years
- issued by authorized states, tribes, and EPA
- public review on draft permits
- administrative and judicial appeal process |
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Term
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Definition
Effluent Limits
- must meet WQS
- Maximum monthly and daily averages required |
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Term
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Definition
discharge without a permit
- permit effluent exceedences
- non-effluent permit violations
- failure to submit required reports
falsification of monitoring and other data
failure to meet construction schedule deadlines |
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Term
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Definition
many international environmental laws
- typically enacted through treaties
compared to national laws
- few sanctions and difficult to enforce
International communities include
- all other nations
- native americans |
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Term
| 1909 boundries water treaty |
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Definition
| barred parties from polluting waters on the border between U.S. and Canada that might injure health or property for either nation |
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Term
| 1916 migratory bird treaty |
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Definition
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Term
| 1933 London convention on flora and fauna in their natural state |
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Definition
| protection of plants and animals |
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Term
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Definition
| address global warming, protection of the ozone layer, biodiversity, acid rain, chemical pollution, radioactivity and nuclear war heads, food, and many more |
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Term
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Definition
| expected to reach 9 billion by 2050, and 1/3 of the earths population resides between two nations |
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Term
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Definition
| 23 percent more than what the earth can reproduce, what is consumed in 12 months takes 14 months to regenerate |
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Term
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Definition
has the potential to be greatest impact on environment
- destruction of forrests, fires to oil wells, and pollute water sources |
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Term
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Definition
| by 1980 there was an arsenal to create 1 million hiroshimas |
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Term
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Definition
august 6, 1945 killed over 150,000 people
- = 3/1,000,000 of world aresenal today |
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Term
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Definition
an estimated 24,000 nuclear weapons
- a small fraction of these weapons would wipe out the entire global environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Very Bad! in essence would create a dark cloud blocking the sun, and would destroy the earth's ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| cities burn, massive amounts of matter in atmospher, sun is reflected and does not reach surface, rapid temperature drops, NUCLEAR WINTER |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear winter can still occur with arsenal and it would last longer than previously thought |
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Term
| Extreme reduction of nuclear arsenal would cause |
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Definition
| fires, a drastic change in earths climate, agriculture and would last more than a decade |
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Term
| ways agriculture can be affected by nuclear war |
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Definition
colder temperatures
- shortened frost free growing seasons
- cold spells, lower yields from slower growth
- darkness, less rain fall, increased UV-B rays |
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Term
| what it would take for nuclear climate change |
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Definition
| an unprecendented amount of climate change would occur from using less than 1 percent of current world arsenal, nuclear theory was correct, and the effects would last for over a decade.current arsenal can cause nuclear winter, nuclear arsenal pointed at cities even ina minisucle fraction would still kill millions instantly leaving millions more to starve. |
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Term
| policy implications of nuclear war |
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Definition
| First strike would not win, and would be suicide, even a limited nuclear war pointed at cities would be very devestating, Reagans SDI would not work because it would take too long to develop and still let in too many missiles, indirect effects of nuclear winter would be much more devestating because non-combatants and civilians would suffer |
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Term
| solution to nuclear confrontationq |
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Definition
| a complete disarment of all nuclear arms, |
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Term
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Definition
adds to earths greenhouse gas
- causes greenhouse gases
- any release of C02 in to earths atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
predicted to alter earth's climate
- melting of polar ice caps
- flooding/ destruction of wetlands
- reducing potable water supply |
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Term
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Definition
| first empiracle data analyszing rising temperatures |
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Term
| Human impact on environment |
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Definition
| another ice age could not occur without the extinction of humans, and even tahn it would take 1000's of years |
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Term
| Metrics for Dangerous Change |
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Definition
extinction of polar and alpine species
unsustainable migration rates |
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Term
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Definition
exists in the stratsphere
- protects us from ultraviolet rays of sun
- skin cancers and cataracts
- in 1970s it was discovered ozone layer was being depleted
- Cholorine in CFC's attack ozone and break it apart |
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Term
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Definition
| regarded strataspheric ozone and called for a freeze on CFC production with evenutal phase out |
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Term
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Definition
to amend the montreal protocol
- world agreed on the complete ban of CFCs and halons |
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Term
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Definition
scientists believe it would take 75 years to repair ozone
- until than damages can still occur |
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Term
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Definition
scientists; clear warning
- media transmitted the message well
- special interests; initial skepticism
- public; spray cans replaced and no CFC's
- Government; US and western europe, allow delay and technical assistance for developing countries |
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Term
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Definition
Scientists fail to discern from global warming and a changing planet
- media; false balance and leap to hopelessness
- special interests; disinformation campaigns emphasis on short term profits
- public; understandably confused and diinterested
- government fails to lead, no winston churchill today |
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Term
| summary of global warming |
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Definition
| there is still time but alternative sceneario is not being pursued. action needs to be taken now because business as usual is not pursuing alternative. best hope is for public to be informed and become angry. |
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Term
| Conclusions on Global warming and Nuclear holocaust |
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Definition
| there are many challenges facing the civiliazation of Earth, we are many nations existing in one big ecosystem, our actions impact the earth population, locally we contend with US laws designed to protect region, and generally do a good job |
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Term
| How will we unite to solve global issues |
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Definition
| its complicated its not just science, it is also cultures industrialized nations vs developing nations, its the role of policy and science, social science interface |
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