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| Preventative Health Behavior |
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Definition
| Any action undertaken by an individual who believes himself/herself to be healthy, for the purpose of preventing or detecting illness in an asymptomatic state. |
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| Any activity undertaken by an individual who perceives himself/herself to be ill, to define the state of health, and to discover a suitable remedy. What people do when they think they are ill. Combats with identity management. |
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| Any activity undertaken by an individual who considers himself/herself to be ill, for the purpose of getting well. |
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Sick Role isn't about a sickness you have it's about how society perceives the sickness.
exempted from social role responsibilities.
cannot get well by an act of decision or will.
If ppl think you are at fault for disease, they wont help you.
obligated to get well.
obligated to seek technically competent help.
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| Audiences for Health Education |
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Definition
Individuals, groups, organizations, who share similar characteristics.
Ex. sociodemographic, racial, life-cycle-stage, disease or at risk status. |
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| a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of events or situations by specifying relations among variables in order to explain and predict events. Only useful if filled with practical topics, goals and problems. |
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| The building blocks of theory. exists individually outside of theory. |
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| When the concepts have been accepted for use in a theory. |
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| The operational forms of a contruct, how a construct is measured in a certain situation. Variables and constructs should match when a theory evaluation is being performed. |
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General guidelines for action
broad and non-specific
based on precedent of history |
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| Models draw on a number of theories to help understand a specific problem in a particular setting or context. |
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| A basic schema that organizes our broadly based view of something. The universe you believe to be true. Include theory, application, and instrumentation and comprise models that represent traditions of scientific research. |
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| believe that there is only one truth, thus you think rhetoricians are dumb |
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| believe that there can be multiple truths, so they see people who only believe in a single truth as dumb. |
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| What makes a good theory? |
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Definition
needs to be predictive
accurate most of the time
easy to understand |
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| 6 criteria used to evaluate theory |
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Definition
Theoretical Scope-how general/applicable
Appropriateness
Heuristic Value-does it inspire others?
Validity- are they consistent? Falsifiable
Parsimony- should be simple
Openness- flexible, should not exclude other theories |
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| Fequency of behavior is determined by its consequences (reinforcement). Learning results from events which reduce the psychological drives that cause behavior (Reinforcers). We learn to enact new behaviors, change existing behaviors, and reduce or eliminate behaviors because of the consequences of our actions. Reinforces, Punishments, rewards. |
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| Emphasize the role of subjective hypotheses and expectations held by the individual. Influencing beliefs and expectations about the situation can drive behavior change, rather than trying to influence the behavior directly. |
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To change an individual's behavior, one can influence the individual by influencing their assessments about beliefs (or expectations) of the behavior and its corresponding values. Expectancy-increase efforts lead to improved performance
Instumentality-improved performance => outcome/reward
Outcomes- person values that reward or outcome |
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Definition
a value expectancy theory
Good for one time behavior
Model for behavioral change, not health maintenance.
Assumptions: believe a specific health (value) action that is available will prevent illness (expectation)
People avoid illness or get well,
Must be available, or they wont do it.
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Term
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Definition
Perceived Susceptibility
Perceived Severity
Perceived Benefits
Perceived Barriers
Cues to Action
Self Efficacy |
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A jolt to make people want to change
Hard to induce
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Term
| Theory of Reasoned Action TRA |
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Definition
"attitude" as a trigger & predictor of human behavior
Value-expectancy Theory
Human behavior is voluntary
Ppl are rational
beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors are influenced by the information available.
assumes "rational actors" not "rational behaviors"
rational=fair
intention correlates to behavior
Not for addiction |
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perceived liklihood of performing the behavior
must be a firm indication of intent
affecting intent is the goal of TRA based intervention
Intention=>Behavior |
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| How do you influence intention? |
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Definition
influence belief system
change evaluation of the behavior |
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Belief that behavioral performance is associated with certain attributes or outcomes (i.e., what will happen if I engage in the behavior)
Influential factors: past experience, info received or not received, social influences (family, peers)
Evaluation: value attached to a behavioral outcome or attribute (is this outcome desirable or undesirable) |
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| Belief about whether each referent approves or disapproves of the behavior (Other's expectations) |
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| Motivation to do what each referent thinks (do I want to do what they tell me? How much? Why?) |
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| Theory of Reasoned Action Chart |
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Definition
Behavioral beliefs and Evaluations of Behavioral Outcomes affect Attitude toward Belief.
Normative Beliefs and Motivation to Comply affect Subjective Norm.
Subjective Norm and Attitude Toward Belief affect Behavioral Intention.
Behavioral Intention affects Behavior. |
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Term
| Theory of Planned Behavior |
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Definition
It's the TRA model but with one extra component: Perceived Behavioral Control.
Accounts for factors outside the individual's control that may affect intention and behavior.
Based on idea that behavioral performance is is determined jointly by motivation (intention) and ability (behavioral control)(skills & Resources) |
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Term
| Perceived Behavioral Control |
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Definition
A person's perception of the ease or difficulty of behavioral performance.
Similar to Self Efficacy (inreases with repeated successes)
Control Beliefs and Perceived Power affect Perceived Behavioral Control |
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Situations in which individuals can exercise a control over the behavior.
TRA works best with high volitional control
TPB works best with low volitional control |
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demographics and personality still not in models
No clear definition of behavioral control
more time between behavioral intent and actually doing the behavior, the less likely the behavior will happen.
ignores unconscious motives. |
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The Transtheoretical Model
aka Stages of Change |
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Definition
Behavior change takes time & change is incremental
Stage matching of interventions |
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Definition
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance |
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Definition
Not ready to act, or even thinking about it. Hard to find. No intention to start taking action in the next 6 months.
Low susceptibility
Low perceived severity
no guilt
40% of population
feel pressured by others, have coping mechanisms
low knowledge
most resistant to public policy changes
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Thinking about taking action.
Intend to start in next 6 months
substitute thinking for acting
costs of behvior change are clear
ambivalent about changing
40% of population
When in doubt, don't act
feel unprepared
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Getting ready to take action
Practicing the behavior
intend to start in the next 30 days
more confident
Benefits greater than costs
most likely to participate in programs
less than 20% of population
Health campaigns love them
may take small steps toward action
may leap into action prematurely
testing behaviors
if fail during testing, lose self efficacy |
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Recently start to change behavior
consistently for less than 6 months
behavior change is recent
temptation and recycling are a concern
believe in cause, but not committed enough
create little goals to keep motivated |
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Has changed behavior
consistently for 6 months or more
research are paying more attention b/e if life is disrupted likely to shift back to contemplation, not convinced they can do it.
may be overconfident
not a static stage
lose fear of susceptibility
develop alternative rhetoric |
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no temptation to relapse and 100% self efficacy
applies only to certain types of behaviors
not realistic goal for most health behaviors |
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| Processes of Change in TTM |
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Definition
Consciousness Raising- awareness
Dramatic Relief- experience emotions
Self Reevaluation- assess self image
Environmental Reevaluation- assess environment
Self Liberation- believe you can do it
Helping Relationships- social support, good except for addicts
Counterconditioning- learning healthier habits
Contingency Management- incentives & punishment
Stimulus Control- remove cues for unhealth habits
Social Liberation- social norms change to support behavior change
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