Which is more clinically relevant:

Influenza A

Influenza B

Influenza C

Influenza A 

(which is named with the H and N system)

Fever, chills, headache, cough

vomiting and diarrhea RARE often caused by something else

36,000

most are the old or chronically sick

What percentage of the US population gets seasonally infected with influenza? 

How many are hospitalized?

10-20%

200,000 get hospitalized 

WHO 

World Health Organization

Inactived - contains egg proteins, non adjuvanted, injectable 

Live - Intranasal, cold adapted, temp sensitive, attenuated viruses

It is cold adapted and temperature sensitive, 

so it will replicate in the cool nasopharynx, enough to build immunity, but will not replicate in lower resp tract

The CDC recommends that all americans over 6 months of age (and able to) should get the Influenza vaccine.

True or False?

Supportive care 

In some cases antiviral neuraminidase inhibitors

(Tamiflu and Relenza)

When was the first reported human pandemic of influenza?

How many people died?

What caused it?

1918 

20 mil worldwide fatalities (500,000 in US)

direct transmission of avian influenza (H1N1)

1918 - H1N1

1957 - H2N2

1968 - H3N2

1977 - Pseudopandemic H1N1 & H3N2 co-circulation

2009 - Novel H1N1

H1N1

H2N2

H3N2

H5N1

H9N2

H7N7

Globally: WHO, OIE

US: Health and Human services, CDC, USDA (animals)

State and Local veterinarians

Binds to cell receptors to get into host cell 

antibody against it is protective

enzyme to release influenza from the cell 

antibody NOT fully protective

Which creates a larger change: 

Antigenic drift or antigenic shift?

ANTIGENIC SHIFT

no proof reading so this happens with RNA

Antigenic drift is the reason for seasonal epidemics 

Direct whole virus transfer 

reassortment between subtypes

re-emergece when population immunity has waned

H5 and H7 have multi-basic amino acid sequences, cleaving HA better, which is compatible with HPAI.

True or False?

Aquatic wild birds

have been foudn with all 16 HA and all 9 NA

Avian Influenza is stable in feces for a few weeks, stable in pond water, and is resistant to heat and drying.

True or False?

FALSE

Although stable in feces and pond water, 

It is easily killed by heating or drying

Influenza A is endemic in US commercial poultry.

True or False?

H1N1, H1N2, H3N2

H1N1 is classical swine flu

trivalent inactivated adjuvant 

2 H1N1s and H3N2

Monitor genetic evolution

Make isolates available for research 

development of diagnostic agents 

accurate seed stock products

People who smoke and dont wear gloves are more likely to have titers to swine influenza.

True or False?

Killed vaccine

temperature sensitive modified live intranasal vaccine

canary-pox vectored IM vaccine

What influenza subtype is found in dogs?

Cats?

Dogs = H3N8

Cats = no specific one (H5N1, H1N1)

Swine vaccination 

yrly human vaccination of farm workers

good sick-leave policies

good ventilation 

basic hygeine practices

Out of surveyed individuals which was of greatest concern:

Avian flu 

food safety 

bioterrorism 

natural disasters 

What was established with the

Wholesome meat act of 1906?

That all meat for sale must be inspected 

federal standards were established for interstate movement

FSIS regulates meat, poultry and eggs

true or false?

APHIS protects animal welfare and agriculture health

true or false?

TRUE 

FDA regulates food, meat and poultry

True or False?

FALSE 

FDA doesnt regulate meat or poultry 

Which organization can recall food:

FDA or USDA?

Norovirus 

"stomach flu"

HUMANS are reserviors

Salmonella

#1 - Poultry 

#2 - Leafy greens

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

cuased by E. COLI

PrPc is an essential protein found in most cell types.

True or False?

In cases of Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, it is more often:

inherited

sporadic

iatrogenic?

Milk can spread BSE.

True or False?

Which has horizontal transmission:

CWD or BSE?

2-8 years 

only seen in adult cows over 3 yrs typically