Term
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Definition
| A dynamic state or condition that is multidimensional in nature and results from a person’s adaptations to his or her environment |
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Term
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Definition
| health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions, both private and public (governmental), to promote, protect, and preserve their health |
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Definition
| Health status of people who are not organized and have no identity as a group or locality and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health |
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Definition
| health status of a defined group of people and the governmental actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health |
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| Personal Vs. Community Health Activity |
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Definition
personal – affect health of an individual or his or her immediate family members (seldom behavior of others)
community – ex: birth/death records, protection of food and water supply, fund drives for voluntary health organizations |
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Term
| Current Health status of Americans |
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Definition
fewer communicable diseases
more lifestyle diseases—shorter lifespan than previous generation due to obesity, diabetes, heart disease
leading causes of death: heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory diseases
cost of health care becoming astronomical, because harder to access for poor
terrorism a stress to health |
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Term
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Definition
Geneva, Switzerland
delegates of member nations
primary objective: attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health
guided by United Nations Millennium Declaration
peace, security, disarmament
development and poverty eradication
protecting common envirnoment
human rights, democracy , good government
protecting vulnerable
meet special needs of Africa
strengthening UN
Millenium Development Goals:
reduce poverty and hunger
tackling ill health
gender inequality
lack of education
lack of access to clean water
environmental degradation
examples:
- eradication of small pox |
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Term
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Definition
Secretary of HHS
12 operating divisions (agencies): PHS, AoA, ACF, CMS
Public Health Service – comprises 8 of the 12 operating divisions
Admin on Aging
Admin for Children and Families
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services |
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Term
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Definition
includes:
FDA – drugs, medical devices, food, cosmetics, radiation
CDC – divided into 4 groups and includes National Center for Health Statistics, NIOSH
NIH – gives out grants, supports basic research (NCCAM for chiros) |
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Term
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Definition
United States Department of Agriculture
inspects meat and dairy, includes WIC |
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Definition
| OSHA – enforces NIOSH standards |
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Definition
Federal Register of Rules and Regs, regulates hazardous wastes
Department of Commerce – includes Bureau of Census |
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Definition
oversees Medicare, Medicaid
agency of HHS |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of distribution and determinants of diseases and injuries in human populations |
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Term
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Definition
| Any unexpectedly large number of cases and disease in a particular population at a particular time and place |
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Definition
| Studies outbreaks of disease, injury, and death in human populations (epidemics) |
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Term
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Definition
1918 Influenza
1975 S. Louis Encephalitis
1976 Legionaires' disease
1980 Toxic Shock Syndrome
1980 AIDS
1980 Lyme Disease
1983 Plague
1983 West Nile Virus
2003 SARS |
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Term
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Definition
Number of events (births, cases of disease, deaths) in a given population over a given period or at a given point in time
3 General Categories:
Natality
Morbidity
Mortality/fatality
Enable comparison of outbreaks that occur at different times or in different places |
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Term
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Definition
The number of new cases of a disease in a population-at-risk in a given time period
Important in the study of acute diseases |
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Term
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Definition
All current cases of a disease divided by the total population
Useful for the study of chronic disease |
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Term
| Reporting of Births, Deaths, Diseases |
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Definition
Doctors, clinics, hospitals~
Local Health Department~
State Health Department~
CDC (via NETS)- makes weekly summary reports back to state health department which makes monthly reports back to local departments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Average number of years a person from a specific cohort is projected to live from a given point in time (usually birth) |
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Term
| Years of Potential Life Lost |
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Definition
| Life expectance minus person's age at death. |
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Term
| Disability-Adjusted Life Expectancy |
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Definition
| Estimates of the number of healthy years of life that can be expected on average in a given population. |
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Term
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Definition
Infectious
Biological agents or their products are the cause
Transmissible from one individual to another |
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Term
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Definition
Noninfectious
Can deplete a community's resources
Leading causes of death:
#1 heart disease
#2 Cancer
#3 Cerebrovascular disease
#4 COPD |
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Term
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Definition
Peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within three months.
Recovery of survivors is usually complete
Communicable or noncommunicable |
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Term
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Definition
Symptoms continue longer than three months
Recovery is slow and sometimes incomplete
Communicable or noncommunicable |
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Term
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Definition
To forestall onset of injury or illness
Health education, health promotion, Character building/personality development programs, immunizations, personal hygiene, chlorination of water supply; prohealth environment. |
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Term
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Definition
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment beforeadvanced disability health screenings.
Use of antibiotics, home remidies, OTC's, isolation, quarantine, disinfection. |
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Term
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Definition
Retraining, re-education, rehabilitation of patient who has already incurred a disability.
Therapy, burial of dead, emergency personnel/facilities, lifestyle/behavioral changes, support groups, counseling. |
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Term
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Definition
| All external conditions, circumstances, influences surrounding and affecting growth and development of organism/community |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of how living things interact with each other and environment |
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Definition
| Zone of earth where life is found |
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Term
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Definition
Primary Sources:
1. Mining, gas, and oil production 75%
2. Agriculture (13%)
3. Industry (9.5%)
4. Municipalities (2.5%) |
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Term
| 4 approaches to solid waste management |
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Definition
1. Collection
2. Sanitary Landfills-inground sites with clay soil or clay lining to prevent leachates
3. Combustion: reduces volume by 90%, toxic ash and poor air quality
4. Recycling: Includes composting. 28-30% of municiple solid waste
5. Source Reduction |
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Term
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Definition
Above 100 year flood plane
Away from fault zones
Double lined with clay or synthetic
Equipped with pipes to monitor for seepage
Equipped with wells for monitoring groundwater and surrounding surface water. |
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Term
| 5 Methods of Hazardous Waste Management |
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Definition
1. Secured landfill
2. Deep well injection- developed byu petroleum refineries, lined wells below drinking water aquifers into layers of permeable rock surrounded by impermeable rock.
3. Incineration
4. Recycling and neutralization
5. Source reduction |
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Term
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Definition
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Enacted to deal with cleanup of abandoned hazardous wastes
1. Created national priority list of hazardous waste sites
2. Stated government would make responsible parties pay for cleanup.
3. Provided funds to support identification of sites |
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Term
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Definition
| Scale that relates pollutant concentrations to health effects (high PSI, poor air quality) |
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Term
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Definition
Most pervasive outdoor air pollutants in US
Sulfer dioxide
CO
Nitrogen Oxides
Ozone
Respirable particle matter
Lead |
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Term
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Definition
Emissions from burning of fossil fuels, includes SO2, NO2, NO3. React in atmosphere, combine with water vapor to form sulfuric and nitric acids which fall to the earth as acid rain
Acidification of surface water, death of certain species of water life, damage to vegetation at higher elevations, erosion of monuments and buildings |
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Term
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Definition
Stratospheric Ozone layer filters out 99% of UV radiation.
Hole in southern hemisphere.
Primary cause of hole: CFC's |
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Term
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Definition
When air pollutants (NO2, NO3, hydrocarbons, ozone, peroxyacyl nitrates) react with oxygen and sunlight, produce brownish haze,
trapped in some cities and causes thermal inversion |
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Term
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Definition
1. Asbestos
2. Biogenic pollutants-airborn materials of biological origin (fungi, bacteria, animal dander)
Combustion by-products: gasses, particulates
Radon
Secondhand smoke
Volatile organic compounds: exist as vapors from construction material etc.
Formaldehyde: chemical in hundreds of products |
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Term
Water Treatment
Coagulation |
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Definition
| Alum added to water causes suspended solids to attract one another and form larger particles (flakes or flock) |
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Term
Water Treatment
Floculation |
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Definition
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Term
Water Treatment
Sedimentation |
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Definition
| water permitted to stand so large particles will settle out. |
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Term
Water treatment
Filtration |
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Definition
| Water passes through sand filters to remove solids and dissolved chemicals remaining after sedimentation |
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Term
Water treatment
Disinfection |
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Definition
| Chlorine added to water to kill lots of things |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrates of amounts > 10ppm harmful to infants, causes methoglobinemia. Also check fluoride levels |
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Term
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Definition
| Single identifiable source that discharges pollutants into water |
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Term
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Definition
| all pollution that occurs through the runoff, seepage, or falling of pollutants into the water |
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Term
| Categories of water pollution |
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Definition
1. Biological pollutants
2. Nonbiological pollutants (inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals) |
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Term
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Definition
Biological Oxygen Demand
Bacteria wich eat organics deplete O2 in water, killing fish and vegetation. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Primary: bar screens, grid chamber, floatation
2. Secondary: activated sludge (blowing in air) trickling filters. Bacteria added to break down organic materials
90% clean discharged into water ways
3. Tertiary-chlorination (not always performed |
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Term
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Definition
Natural:cosmic, terrestrial, internal
Human made: X-rays, Power plants, smoke detectors, etc. |
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Term
| Noise Pollution Reduction |
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Definition
Noise control Act of 1972
Education programs-alter behavior
Environmental changes-Earplugs etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study and management of environmental conditions that affect health and well-being of humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Factors in environment that increase risk of human injury, disease, death |
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Term
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Definition
| Practice of establishing and maintaining health and hygienic conditions in environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Protects of communities from biological hazards resulting from the mismanagement of wastewater or solid waste |
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Term
| Waterborne Disease Outbreak |
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Definition
| WBDO: At least two people get similar illness after illness after ingestion of drinking water/exposure to water |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease caused by the usual suspects in food |
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Term
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Definition
| Living organism that transmits microscopic disease agents to susceptible hosts |
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Term
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Definition
| Any organism that has an adverse affect on human interests |
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Term
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Definition
Natural or synthetic chemicals developed for the purpose of killing pests.
DDT is chlorinated hydrocarbon |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism against which pesticide is applied |
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Term
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Definition
| Remains in environment and accumulates in fish and birds that fed on insects |
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Term
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Definition
Break down in days or hours
Ex: organophosphates such as Malathion. |
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Term
| Environment Tobacco Smoke |
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Definition
Secondhand smoke
Includes mainstream and sidestream smoke
Passive smoking. Inhaling ETS |
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Term
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Definition
Electric Batteries
Pipe
Solder
Paint
Plastic Pigments
Leaded Gasoline |
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Term
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Definition
Elimination of lead from gasoline 1995
Ban on lead paints 1977
Lead contamination control act 1988 (CDC |
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Term
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Definition
Attaches to dust particles, then inhaled
2nd leading cause of lung cancer |
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Term
| Increased risk of Skin Cancer |
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Definition
| CFC's reduced ozone layer, allowing more UV rays to reach surface of earth |
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Term
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Definition
Rate of Growth has begun to decline
Adding 74 million people/year
9.1 Billion by 1050 |
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