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Public and Private Families
Key terms from "Public and Private Families" by Andrew J. Cherlin
174
Sociology
Undergraduate 3
03/29/2012

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Term
1965 Immigration Act
Definition
Act passed by the U.S. Congress which ended restrictions that had blocked most Asian immigration and substituted an annual quota.
Term
Active Life Expectancy
Definition
The number of years a person can expect to live without a disability
Term
Activities of Daily Living
Definition
Personal care activities, including bathing, dressing, getting into and out of bed, walking indoors, and using the toilet.
Term
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC)
Definition
A federal program of financial assistance to lowincome families, commonly known as “welfare” until it was replaced by Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) in 1996.
Term
Androgynous Behavior
Definition
Behavior that has the characteristics of both genders
Term
Annulment
Definition
A ruling that a marriage was never properly formed
Term
Assigned Kinship
Definition
Kinship ties that people more or less automatically acquire when they are born or when they marry.
Term
Assimilation
Definition
The process by which immigrant groups merge their culture and behavior with that of the dominant group in the host country.
Term
Assortative Marriage
Definition
The tendency of people to marry others similar to themselves
Term
Authoritarian Style (of parenting)
Definition
A parenting style in which parents combine low levels of emotional support with coercive attempts at control of their children.
Term
Authoritative Style (of parenting)
Definition
A parenting style in which parents combine high levels of emotional support with consistent, moderate control of their children.
Term
barrio
Definition
A segregated Mexican-American neighborhood in a U.S. city.
Term
Bilateral Kinship
Definition
A system in which descent is reckoned through both the mother’s and father’s lines.
Term
Biosocial Approach (to gender differences)
Definition
The theory that gender identification and behavior are based in part on people’s innate biological differences.
Term
Birth Cohort
Definition
All people born during a given year or period of years
Term
Block Grant
Definition
A fixed amount of money that the federal government gives each state to spend on a set of programs.
Term
Boundary Ambiguity
Definition
A situation in which people are uncertain about who is in their family and what roles these people play.
Term
Breadwinner-Homemaker Family
Definition
A married couple with children in which the father works for pay and the mother does not.
Term
Capitalism
Definition
An economic system in which goods and services are privately produced and sold on a market for profit.
Term
Care Work
Definition
Face-to-face activity in which one person meets the needs of another who cannot fully care for her- or himself.
Term
Centenarian
Definition
A person who is 100 years old or older
Term
Child Abuse
Definition
Serious physical harm (trauma, sexual abuse with injury, or willful malnutrition) of a child by an adult, with intent to injure.
Term
Cohabitation
Definition
he sharing of a household by unmarried persons who have a sexual relationship
Term
Cohabiting Family
Definition
A household in which two adults are married or cohabiting and at least one has a child present from a previous marriage or relationship.
Term
Compadrazgo
Definition
In Mexico, a godparent relationship in which a wealthy or influential person outside the kinship group is asked to become the compadre, or godparent, of a newborn child, particularly at its baptism.
Term
Companionate Marriage
Definition
A marriage in which the emphasis is on affection, friendship, and sexual gratification.
Term
Conflict Theory
Definition
A sociological theory that focuses on inequality, power, and social change.
Term
Conjugal Family
Definition
A kinship group comprising husband, wife, and children.
Term
Consensual Union
Definition
A cohabiting relationship in which a couple consider themselves to be married but have never had a religious or civil marriage ceremony.
Term
Cooperative Parenting
Definition
An arrangement whereby divorced parents coordinate their activities and cooperate with each other in raising their children.
Term
Courtship
Definition
A publicly visible process with rules and restrictions through which young men and women find a partner to marry.
Term
Created Kinship
Definition
Kinship ties that people have to construct actively.
Term
Crisis Period
Definition
A period during the first year or two after parents separate when both the custodial parent and the children experience difficulties in dealing with the situation.
Term
Domestic Violence
Definition
Violent acts between family members or between women and men in intimate or dating relationships.
Term
Donor Insemination
Definition
A procedure in which semen is inserted into the uterus of an ovulating woman
Term
Early Adulthood
Definition
Period between mid-teens and about 30 when individuals finish their education, enter the labor force, and begin their own families.
Term
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
Definition
A refundable tax credit to low-income families with a child or children in which at least one parent is employed.
Term
Elder Abuse
Definition
Physical abuse of an elderly person by a nonelderly person
Term
Entitlement
Definition
A program in which the government is obligated to provide benefits to anyone who qualifies, regardless of the total cost of the program.
Term
Era of Divorce Tolerance
Definition
The time of a tolerant approach toward divorce, from the middle of the nineteenth century until, in the United States, 1970; the grounds for divorce were widened, and divorce was made more accessible to women.
Term
Era of Restricted Divorce
Definition
The time of a restrictive approach toward divorce, until about the middle of the nineteenth century; divorces were usually granted only on the grounds of adultery or desertion, and generally only to men.
Term
Era of Unrestricted Divorce
Definition
The time of a virtually unrestricted access to divorce, from, in the United States, 1970 to the present; divorces are usually granted without restriction to any married person who wants one.
Term
Exchange Theory
Definition
A sociological theory that views people as rational beings who decide whether to exchange goods or services by considering the benefits they will receive, the costs they will incur, and the benefits they might receive if they were to choose an alternative course of action.
Term
Expressive Individualism
Definition
A style of life that emphasizes developing one’s feelings and emotional satisfaction.
Term
Extended Family
Definition
A kinship group comprising the conjugal family plus any other relatives present in the household, such as a grandparent or uncle.
Term
Externalities
Definition
Benefits or costs that accrue to others when an individual or business produces something.
Term
Extramarital Sex
Definition
Sexual activity by a married person with someone other than his or her spouse.
Term
Family of Choice
Definition
A family formed through voluntary ties among individuals who are not biologically or legally related.
Term
Family Policy
Definition
Political beliefs about how the government should assist families in caring for dependents.
Term
Family Wage System
Definition
A division of labor in which the husband earns enough money to support his family and the wife remains home to do housework and child care.
Term
Feminist Theory
Definition
A sociological theory that focuses on the domination of women by men.
Term
Flextime
Definition
A policy that allows employees to choose, within limits, when they will begin and end their working hours.
Term
Foster Care
Definition
The removal of children from their parental home and their placement in another home.
Term
Free-rider Problem
Definition
The tendency for people to obtain public goods by letting others do the work of producing them—metaphorically, the temptation to ride free on the backs of others.
Term
Frustration-aggression Perspective
Definition
The theory that aggressive behavior occurs when a person is blocked from achieving a goal.
Term
Functionalist Theory
Definition
A sociological theory that attempts to determine the functions, or uses, of the main ways in which a society is organized.
Term
Gender
Definition
The social and cultural characteristics that distinguish women and men in a society.
Term
Generalized Exchange
Definition
The provision of assistance to one member of a family with the expectation that someone in the family will reciprocate at a later time.
Term
Generativity
Definition
A feeling of concern about, or interest in, guiding and shaping the next generation.
Term
Gerontologist
Definition
A social/ biological scientist who specializes in the study of aging.
Term
Gestation
Definition
Nine-month development of the fetus inside the mother’s uterus.
Term
Hooking Up
Definition
A sexual encounter with no expectation of further involvement
Term
Ideal Type
Definition
A hypothetical model that consists of the most significant characteristics, in extreme form, of a social phenomenon.
Term
Immigrant Enclave
Definition
A large, dense, single-ethnicgroup, almost self-sufficient community.
Term
Income-pooling Model
Definition
A model of the marriage market in which both spouses work for pay and pool their income.
Term
Individualism
Definition
style of life in which individuals pursue their own interests and place great importance on developing a personally rewarding life.
Term
Individualized Marriage
Definition
A marriage in which the emphasis is on self-development, flexible roles, and open communication.
Term
Institutional Marriage
Definition
A marriage in which the emphasis is on male authority, duty, and conformity to social norms.
Term
Integrative Perspective (on sexuality)
Definition
The belief that human sexuality is determined by both social and biological factors.
Term
Interactionist Approach (to gender differences)
Definition
he theory that gender identification and behavior are based on the day-to-day behavior that reinforces gender distinctions.
Term
Intergenerational Ambivalence
Definition
Socially structured contradictory emotions in an intergenerational relationship.
Term
Intergenerational Solidarity
Definition
The characteristics of family relationships that knit the generations together.
Term
Internal Economy
Definition
The way in which income is allocated to meet the needs of each member of a household, and whose preferences shape how income is spent.
Term
Intersectionality (of black women's experience)
Definition
he extent to which black women’s lives are affected by overlapping systems of class, race, and genderbased disadvantage.
Term
Intersexual
Definition
A person who is born with ambiguous sexual organs
Term
Intimate Outsider
Definition
A person, such as a stepparent, who plays a role in a family that is somewhere between that of a parent and of a trusted friend
Term
Intimate Terrorism
Definition
A pattern in which a man seeks to control the behavior of his partner through repeated, serious, violent acts.
Term
Joint Legal Custody (of children after divorce)
Definition
The retaining of both parents of an equal right to make important decisions considering their children.
Term
Joint Physical Custody (of children after divorce)
Definition
An arrangement whereby the children of divorced parents spend substantial time in the household of each parent
Term
Kinsey Report
Definition
A 1948 book by zoology professor Alfred Kinsey detailing the results of thousands of interviews with men about their sexual behavior.
Term
Labor Force
Definition
All people who are either working outside the home or looking for work
Term
Late Modern Era
Definition
The last few decades of the 20th century and the present day.
Term
Legal Custody (of children after divorce)
Definition
The right to make important decisions about the children and the obligation to have legal responsibility for them.
Term
Life Chances
Definition
The resources and opportunities that people have to provide themselves with material goods and favorable living conditions.
Term
Life-course Perspective
Definition
The study of changes in individuals' lives over time, and how those changes are related to historical events.
Term
Lineage
Definition
A form of kinship group in which descent is traced through either the father's or mother's line.
Term
Living Apart Together
Definition
A relationship in which two people define themselves as a couple but do not live together.
Term
Lower-class Families
Definition
Families whose connection to the economy is so teneous that they cannot reliably provide for a decent life.
Term
Marriage Market
Definition
An analogy to the labor market in which single individuals (or their parents) search for others who will marry them (or their children).
Term
Married Stepfamily
Definition
A stepfamily in which the partners are married.
Term
Mass Incarceration
Definition
Extremely high rates of imprisonment, particularly of African-American males.
Term
Matrilineage
Definition
A kinship group in which descent is through the mother's line.
Term
Mediating Structures
Definition
Midlevel social institutions and groupings, such as the church, the neighborhood, the civic organization, and the family.
Term
Medicaid
Definition
The government program of health insurance for people with incomes below the poverty line.
Term
Medicare
Definition
The government program of health insurance for all older people.
Term
Mestizo
Definition
A person whose ancestors include both Spanish settlers and Native Americans.
Term
Middle-class Families
Definition
Families whose connection to the economy provides them with a secure, comfortable income and allows them to live well above a subsistence level.
Term
Monogamy
Definition
A marriage system in which people are allowed only one spouse.
Term
Multigenerational Households
Definition
Households in which at least three generations of family members reside.
Term
Multiple-partner Fertility
Definition
Having children with more than one partner during one's lifetime.
Term
Nation-State
Definition
A term that combines the governmental and cultural connotations of the two words it comprises.
Term
Negative Externalities
Definition
The costs imposed on other individuals or businesses when an individual or business produces something of value to itself.
Term
No-fault Divorce
Definition
The granting of a divorce simply on the basis of marriage breakdown due to “irreconcilable differences.”
Term
Nonmarital Birth Ratio
Definition
The proportion of all births that occur to unmarried women.
Term
Objectivity
Definition
The ability to draw conclusions about a social situation that are unaffected by one’s own beliefs.
Term
Observational Study (also known as field research)
Definition
A study in which the researcher spends time directly observing each participant.
Term
Olderly Population
Definition
The group of people aged 65 years and over.
Term
Oldest-Old
Definition
The group of older people 85 years of age and over.
Term
Old-Old
Definition
The group of older people 75 to 84 years of age.
Term
Parellel Parenting
Definition
An arrangement whereby divorced parents gravitate toward a more detached style, going about their parenting business separately.
Term
Parental Leave
Definition
Time off from work to care for a child.
Term
Patriarchy
Definition
A social order based on the domination of women by men, especially in agricultural societies.
Term
Patrilineage
Definition
A kinship group in which descentis through the father's line.
Term
Patrilocal
Definition
A marriage residence rule in which the wife goes to live in her husband's parent's home.
Term
Peer Group
Definition
A group of people who have roughly the same age and status as one another.
Term
Permissive Style (of parenting)
Definition
A parenting style in which parents provide emotional support but exercise little control over their children.
Term
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA)
Definition
The federal welfare legislation that requires most recipients to work within two years and that limits the amount of time a family can receive welfare.
Term
Physical Custody (of children after a divorce)
Definition
The right of a divorced spouse to have one’s children live with one.
Term
Polyandry
Definition
A form of polygamy in which a woman is allowed to have more than one husband.
Term
Polygamy
Definition
A marriage system in which men or women (or both) are allowed to have more than one spouse.
Term
Polygyny
Definition
A form of polygamy in which a woman is allowed to have more than one husband.
Term
Positive Externalities
Definition
Benefits received by others when an individual or business produces something, but for which the producer is not fully compensated.
Term
Poverty Line
Definition
A federally defined income limit defined as the cost of an “economy” diet for a family of four, multiplied by three.
Term
Primary Analysis
Definition
Analysis of survey data by the people who collected the information.
Term
Private Family
Definition
Two or more individuals who maintain an intimate relationship that they expect will last indefinitely—or in the case of a parent and child, until the child reaches adulthood—and who usually live in the same household and pool their income and household labor.
Term
Public Family
Definition
One adult, or two adults who are related by marriage, partnership, or shared parenthood, who is/are taking care of dependents, and the dependents themselves.
Term
Public Goods
Definition
Things that may be enjoyed by people who do not themselves produce them.
Term
Pure Relationship
Definition
An intimate relationship entered into for its own sake and which lasts only as long as both partners are satisfied with it.
Term
Queer Theory
Definition
he view that sexual life is artificially organized into categories that reflect the power of heterosexual norms.
Term
Racial-ethnic Group
Definition
People who share a common identity and whose members think of themselves as distinct from others by virtue of ancestry, culture, and sometimes physical characteristics.
Term
Reflexivity
Definition
he process through which individuals take in knowledge, reflect on it, and alter their behavior as a result.
Term
Remittances
Definition
Cash payments sent by immigrants to family members in their country of origin.
Term
Responsive Workplace
Definition
A work setting in which job conditions are designed to allow employees to meet their family responsibilities more easily.
Term
Role Overload
Definition
The state of having too many roles with conflicting demands.
Term
Secondary Analysis
Definition
Analysis of survey data by people other than those who collected it.
Term
Selection Effect
Definition
The principle that whenever individuals sort, or “select,” themselves into groups nonrandomly, some of the differences among the groups reflect preexisting differences among the individuals.
Term
Self-identity
Definition
A person's sense of who he or she is and where he or she fits in the social structure.
Term
Service Sector
Definition
Workers who provide personal services such as education, health care, communication, restaurant meals, legal representation, entertainment, and so forth.
Term
Sexual Identity
Definition
A set of sexual practices and attitudes that lead to the formation in a person’s mind of an identity as heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.
Term
Sexual Monogamy
Definition
The state of having just one sex partner.
Term
Situational Couple Violence
Definition
The violence that arises from a specific situation in which one or both partners act aggressively in anger.
Term
Skipped-generation Households
Definition
Households containing grandparents and grandchildren without either parent present.
Term
Social Capital
Definition
The resources that a person can access through his or her relationships with other people.
Term
Social Class
Definition
An ordering of all persons in a society according to their degrees of economic resources, prestige, and privilege.
Term
Social Constructionist Perspective (on sexuality)
Definition
The belief that human sexuality is entirely socially constructed.
Term
Social Exchange Perspective
Definition
The theory that people calculate whether to engage in a particular behavior by considering the rewards and costs of that behavior and the rewards of alternatives to it.
Term
Social Institution
Definition
A set of roles and rules that define a social unit of importance to society.
Term
Social Learning Perspective
Definition
The theory that individuals learn behavior they will later exhibit by observing what others do and seeing the consequences of these actions.
Term
Social Role
Definition
A pattern of behavior associated with a position in society.
Term
Social Security Act of 1935
Definition
The federal act that created, among other provisions, Social Security, unemployment compensation, and aid to mothers with dependent children (later renamed Aid to Families with Dependent Children).
Term
Socialism
Definition
An economic system in which the number and types of goods produced, and who they are distributed to, are decided by the government rather than by the actions of a market.
Term
Socialization
Definition
The way in which ones learns the ways of a given society or social group so that one can function within it.
Term
Social Approach (to gender differences)
Definition
The theory that gender identification and behavior are based on children’s learning that they will be rewarded for the set of behaviors considered appropriate to their sex but not for those appropriate to the other sex.
Term
Specialization Model
Definition
A model of the marriage market in which women specialize in housework and child care and men specialize in paid work outside the home.
Term
Spillover
Definition
The fact that stressful events in one part of a person's daily life often spill over into other parts of his or her life.
Term
State
Definition
A government that claims the right to rule a given territory and its population and to have a monopoly on force in that territory.
Term
Status Group
Definition
A group of people who share a common style of life and often identity with each other.
Term
Stepfamily
Definition
A household in which two adults are married or cohabiting and at least one has a child present from a previous marriage or relationship.
Term
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Definition
A sociological theory that focuses on people's interpretations of symbolic behavior.
Term
Telecommuting
Definition
Doing work from home using electronic communcation
Term
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)
Definition
A federal program of financial assistance to lowincome families that began in 1996, following passage of new welfare legislation.
Term
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Definition
The average number of children a woman will bear over her lifetime if current birthrates remain the same.
Term
Transnational Families
Definition
Families that maintain continual contact between members in the sending and receiving countries.
Term
'tweeners
Definition
The group of older people who have incomes that place them between the poor, who can qualify for public assistance over and above Social Security, and the middle class, who can supplement their Social Security checks with savings and pensions.
Term
Two-spirit People
Definition
In Native American societies, men or women who dressed like, performed the duties of, and behaved like a member of the opposite sex.
Term
Union
Definition
stable, intimate relationship between two people who live in the same household but may or may not be married.
Term
Union Formation
Definition
The process of beginning to live with a partner through cohabitation or marriage.
Term
Utilitarian Individualism
Definition
A style of life that emphasizes self-reliance and personal achievement, especially in one’s work life.
Term
Value
Definition
A goal or principle that is held in high esteem by society.
Term
Welfare State
Definition
A capitalist government that has enacted numerous measures, such as social security, unemployment compensation, and a minimum wage, to protect workers and their families from the harshness of the capitalist system.
Term
Women-centered Kinship
Definition
kinship structure in which the strongest bonds of support and caregiving occur among a network of women, most of them relatives, who may live in more than one household.
Term
Working-class Families
Definition
Families whos eincome can reliably provide only for the minimum needs of what other people see as a decent life.
Term
Upper-class Families
Definition
Families that have amassed wealth and privilege and that often have substantial prestige as well.
Term
Young-Old
Definition
The group of older people 65-74 years of age.
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