Term
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Definition
| a type of neural tube birth defect characterized by absence of covering over and incomplete development of the brain associated with folic acid deficiency during the first third of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of motor coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurologic illness characterized by dementia and ataxia caused by deficiency of vitamin B-1 (thiamin) |
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Term
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Definition
| foods primarily made up of carbon atoms and water that are the principle source of dietary energy |
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Term
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Definition
| starches that are water-soluble polysaccharides of glucose such as those in grains and potatoes |
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Term
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Definition
| organic acids that erode dental enamel mixed with a slime on teeth and gums produced by bacteria that digest simple carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrates made of two basic units such as sucrose and lactose |
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Term
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Definition
| Nine of the twenty amino acids that are essential nutrients: lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and histidine |
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Term
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Definition
| two fatty acids, linoleic and linolenic acid, that are essential nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| more than 40 different nutrients that are essential to maintaining good health but that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food or other external sources. The six categories of essential nutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lipids composed of chains of 18-22 carbon atoms that may be saturated (completely bound with hydrogen atoms) or unsaturated (incompletely bound with hydrogen atoms) |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharides that cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes and are therefore not available as an energy source |
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Term
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Definition
| any nourishing substance eaten, drunk, or otherwise taken into the body to sustain life, provide energy, or to promote growth |
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Term
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Definition
| a monosaccharide found in fruits and honey |
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Term
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Definition
| a monosaccharide found in milk sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| a monosaccharide found in fruits and honey |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid substances with linked sugar groups that are key structural elements in cell membranes and precursors of other biologically active molecules important in cell signaling |
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Term
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Definition
| cholesterol carried on high-density lipoproteins that can absorb excess cholesterol in the blood and return it to the liver for recycling. Sometimes called "good cholesterol". |
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Term
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Definition
| a sulfur containing amino acid that, when present in elevated levels in blood has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and thrombosis even among individuals with normal cholesterol levels |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of protein deficiency, most often seen in starving children, characterized by retarded growth and abdominal distention caused by liver enlargement |
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Term
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Definition
| a disaccharide made from glucose and galactose; milk sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| cholesterol carried on low-density lipoproteins that can penetrate arterial walls and, when oxidized, forms atherosclerotic plaque. Sometimes called "bad cholesterol". |
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Term
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Definition
| biologic compounds that are soluble only in organic solvents |
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Term
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Definition
| minerals required in amounts greater than 1-200 milligrams per day including calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
| a severe form of both protein and energy deficiency often associated with body weight that is 60% less than normal |
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Term
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Definition
| inorganic elements found in both living and non-living things. All minerals are essential nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic structural units of carbohydrates consisting of a six-carbon ring with six oxygen and twelve hydrogen atoms attached such as glucose, fructose, and galactose |
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Term
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Definition
| the study and science of the dietary requirements of living things for proper health and development |
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Term
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Definition
| polyunsaturated fatty acids contained in fish and some vegetable sources that appear to decrease triglyceride levels and the rate of progression of atherosclerosis, lower blood pressure, and reduce the risk of coronary heart disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition characterized by decreased mineral bone mass and weakened bones causing a tendency to develop fractures following relatively minor injury that is often, but not always, caused by calcium deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease characterized by skin irritation, diarrhea, and permanent dementia caused by deficiency of niacin or nicotinic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease characterized by anemia and nerve damage caused by vitamin B-12 deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| lipid substances with linked phosphate groups that are key structural elements in cell membranes and precursors of other biologically active molecules important in cell signaling |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrates made of long chains of monosaccharide units |
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Term
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Definition
| polymers of amino acids that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease of children characterized by malformed bones caused by vitamin D deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| the subjective sensation of fullness |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease characterized by decreased wound healing and bleeding, especially of the mouth and gums, caused by vitamin C deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| mono- or disaccharides such as table sugar or candy that are not usually a component of the fibrous structure of foods and are readily digested. They rapidly reach the bloodstream as an available energy source |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of neural tube birth defect characterized by absence of covering over and incomplete development of the spinal cord associated with folic acid deficiency during the first third of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids that are composed of three six carbon rings and one five carbon ring fused together forming the basic structure for cholesterol, bile salts and many hormones such as cortisols, estrogens, androgens, and progesterones |
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Term
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Definition
| a disaccharide made from glucose and fructose; table sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| any of a group of antioxidant enzymes that consist of trace elements bound to protein that protect cells from damage caused by free radicals |
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Term
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Definition
| blockage of blood flow in veins or arteries caused by blood clots |
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Term
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Definition
| minerals required in daily quantities less than 20 milligrams per day including chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc |
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Term
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Definition
| lipids composed of three fatty acids bound to glycerol, a three carbon polyalcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compounds essential for many metabolic functions. Most are essential nutrients and deficiencies may cause general and specific signs and symptoms of illness |
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Term
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Definition
| B vitamins, folic acid, niacin, and vitamin C |
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Term
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Definition
| thinning and weakening of the walls of an artery causing bulging of the wall in the shape of a sack |
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Term
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Definition
| a chronic disease of the arteries of the circulatory system characterized by thickening and hardening of the arterial walls caused by atherosclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
| focal thickening of the wall of an artery caused by infiltration of mixtures of fibrous and fatty plaque |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pain or weakness of muscles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a sudden obstruction of a blood vessel caused by an insoluble substance in the blood |
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Term
| endogenous lipid transport |
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Definition
| movement of lipid produced by the liver to other parts of the body |
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Term
| exogenous lipid transport |
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Definition
| movement of lipid absorbed from the intestines to the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue death due to ischemia |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of the heart to pump blood effectively, resulting in back pressure and congestion of tissues with body fluids |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cell death due to loss of blood supply |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary lack of blood supply that deprives tissues of nutrients and oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| irreversible heart muscle damage and cell death usually called a heart attack |
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Term
| peripheral vascular disease |
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Definition
| disorders of the circulatory system including the arteries, veins, or lymph ducts but excluding the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| reversible ischemic heart disease that produces chest pain |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme produced by the streptococcus bacterium that dissolves blood clots |
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Term
| tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) |
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Definition
| an enzyme produced by endothelial cells that binds specifically to fibrin and therefore dissolves only clots that are localized rather than throughout the systemic circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden more severe angina that lasts longer than stable angina and is associated with either coronary artery vasospasm or a transient thrombosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of peptides activated by renin that elevate blood pressure through a variety of mechanisms including increasing arteriolar smooth muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
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Definition
| a sudden neurologic deficit without seizure lasting longer than one day, commonly called a stroke |
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Term
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Definition
| any disease of the brain caused by a pathologic process that affects the cerebral blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| a special form of x-ray imaging that produces serial images of the body cut into adjacent planes or sections |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a CVA associated with cerebral infarction caused by clot fragments that break off thrombi situated in sites outside the brain such as the left side of the heart, aorta, or carotid arteries |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a CVA associated with rupture of an artery within the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| consistently abnormally high blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a protein produced by the kidneys that converts angiotensin precursors into biologically-active peptides |
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Term
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Definition
| hypertension caused by a specific disease or process |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common form of CVA that results when parts of clots, often associated with atherosclerosis, within major blood vessels of the brain break off and suddenly interrupt blood supply to portions of the brain |
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Term
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
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Definition
| a temporary episode of neurologic dysfunction lasting less than one day caused by cerebral ischemia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| advanced glycosylation end products (AGE) |
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Definition
| abnormally-shaped, dysfunctional structural molecules of the body formed when glucose irreversibly binds to fat, protein, or nucleic acids as a result of chronic hyperglycemia |
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Term
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Definition
| phenotypic similarity in twins |
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Term
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Definition
| a metabolic waste product produced by the breakdown of muscle protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of metabolic diseases characterized by persistently elevated blood glucose levels and associated abnormalities in lipid and protein metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| normal blood glucose levels |
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Term
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Definition
| the filtering tissue of the kidneys composed of loops of capillaries that lie adjacent to the excretory ducts that connect to the ureters and bladder |
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Term
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Definition
| nonenzymatic binding of glucose to other molecules such as proteins, fats, or nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated level of blood glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally low levels of albumin in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that regulates glucose levels in the body |
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Term
| insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unresponsiveness of cells to the effect of insulin, reducing their ability to absorb glucose, resulting in hyperglycemia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| excretion of lipid in urine |
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Term
| MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase pathway |
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Definition
| a cell signaling system that phosphorylates molecules and is associated with tissue remodeling |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of metabolic abnormalities defined as any combination of three of the following: abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and abnormal blood lipid levels |
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Term
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Definition
| the excretion of small but abnormal amounts of albumin, the primary protein within the serum of the circulatory system, into the urine often associated with early kidney damage |
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Term
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Definition
| a combination of abnormal conditions associated with advanced renal disease consisting of hypoalbuminemia, proteinurea, edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipidurea |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the cells of the pancreas that produce, store, and release insulin into the bloodstream, thereby regulating blood glucose levels |
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Term
| peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) |
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Definition
| a group of receptor molecules within the cell nucleus that activate transcription of genes that regulate the breakdown and storage of fat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| excretion of large amounts of protein in the urine, often, but not always associated with established kidney disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of pharmacological agents that increase sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin-mediated glucose uptake |
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Term
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Definition
| diabetes that results from destruction of the pancreatic beta cells causing inability to produce insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| diabetes caused by either insufficient insulin production by pancreatic beta cells or peripheral insulin resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| a metabolic waste product produced by the breakdown of protein |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme inhibitor produced by the liver that blocks the destructive effects of elastase, an enzyme produced by neutrophils, and other proteolytic enzymes that may damage the lungs and greatly increase the risk for developing emphysema |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic hyper-responsiveness of the airways in response to allergens and irritants mediated by cells of the immune system, principally mast cells and eosinophils Signs and symptoms are acute and intermittent and respond to treatment with pharmaceuticals. |
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Term
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Definition
| hereditary sensitivity to allergens without apparent prior antigenic exposure associated with asthma, eczema, and hay fever |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic hypersecretion of mucus and chronic cough for more than three months per year for at least two consecutive years |
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Term
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
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Definition
| irreversible lung damage associated with abnormal pulmonary function tests of expiratory air flow that do not respond to treatment with pharmacological agents |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a disease characterized by abnormally enlarged and damaged alveoli of the lungs that leads to progressive hypoventilation and, ultimately, respiratory failure |
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Term
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Definition
| potent biological substances produced from unsaturated fatty acids by mast cells that cause bronchospasm, attract inflammatory cells, and induce excessive mucus secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| potentially life-threatening acute respiratory decompensation associated with severe bronchospasm of asthma |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty recognizing people and objects |
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Term
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Definition
| impoverished speech and mental creativity |
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Term
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Definition
| a common neurodegenerative disease causing apoptosis of the hippocampal and cortical neurons associated with neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaque |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| accumulations of amyloid peptide in the cerebral cortex that are associated with the pathologic diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of the ability to experience pleasure |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty understanding and using words |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty carrying out familiar movements and tasks |
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Term
| atypical antipsychotic drugs |
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Definition
| drugs used to treat schizophrenia that cause fewer neurologic side effects involving movement |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of initiation of goal-directed activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurotoxic form of the peptide, amyloid, that is 42 amino acids long and is associated with familial forms of Alzheimer’s disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a family of cysteine-dependent, aspartate-specific proteases that are associated with apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormalities in inferential thinking |
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Term
| early onset Alzheimer's disease |
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Definition
| familial Alzheimer’s disease associated with single amino acid mutations in any of three autosomal genes causing 6-7% of all cases |
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Term
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Definition
| blunting of emotional expression |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormalities in perception |
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Term
| late onset Alzheimer's disease |
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Definition
| non familial Alzheimer’s disease associated with an abnormal allele of the gene for apolipoprotein E |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperphosphorylated form of tau microtubular protein that, along with amyloid plaques, is associated with the pathologic diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a major psychotic disorder characterized by loss of reality testing, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and behavior with inappropriate affect |
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Term
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Definition
| a microtubular protein that when present in an abnormal form is associated with pathologic findings of Alzheimer’s disease |
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