Term
|
Definition
| The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Exogenous chemical not necessary for normal cellular function that alters the function of cells when taken in low amounts
It must have an effect:
Could have multiple effects
It must have a site of action:
May have multiple sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the amount of drug in the blood that is free to bind at specific targets to elicit drug action
-determined by pharmacokinetic component of drug action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of drug from site of administration to blood circulation : most drugs are not fully absorbed until they reach the small intestines |
|
|
Term
| Routes of administration vs absorption rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary route of administration
Subject to first pass metabolism
Effectiveness based on solubility and stability in gastric acids (pH 1-3) and the ability to pass through membranes
After tablet broken down the drug is absorbed in the upper intestine by passive diffusion
–Rate is determined by ratio of solubility in H2O to lipid
–H2O soluble does not cross membranes
–Lipid soluble does
Henderson-Hasselbach equation
Psychoactive drugs are weak acids and very lipid soluble and readily absorbed
They become trapped in the blood plasma that has a pH of 7.4
75 % of the amount administered orally is absorbed within 3 hrs after administration |
|
|
Term
| Henderson-Hasselbach equation |
|
Definition
pKa= pH + log nonionized/ionized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Depends on pH of drug and on its physical characteristics
Salt is a good example
Ionization determines how and when drug crosses a membrane and how long it stays |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i.v. (intravenous)
- Good control of injection speed, volume, concentration
- effect is very fast (no peripheral absorption), can go directly to the brain
i.m. (intramuscular)
- Absorbed quickly
s.c. (subcutaneous)
- Absorption is rapid
- Can cause irritation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Following absorption a drug is quickly distributed throughout the body by the circulatory system
Only a small portion of the drug is actually in contact with its receptors
- This wide distribution can cause the side-effects
Total blood volume is circulated every minute
Drugs also bind to proteins in the blood which reduce the drugs effectiveness |
|
|
Term
Membrane Effects
1.Cell membranes
2. Capillary Walls
3. BBB
4. Placental barrier |
|
Definition
1. Lipid soluble
2.Drugs leave capillaries through tiny pores
3.No pores, Rate determined by lipid solubility
4.Resemble cell membranes
Lipid soluble drugs easily cross this membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Metabolism of drugs occurs in the liver
-Metabolites of the drugs are less lipid soluble and stay in the blood stream
-Cytochrome P450 enzyme family is the major enzyme involved in drug metabolism
- 12 different families
- Families CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3 most common
Many factors involved in the rate of metabolism
- Changes in activity of CYP’s
- Some drugs inactivate these enzymes, some induce enzymes Grapefruit juice also
- Genetics, environment, and physiology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Type I: nonsynthetic modification of the molecule by oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis
Type II: are synthetic reactions which require the combination of the drug with some small molecule (methyl group), which are usually less soluble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most elimination is done through the kidneys
- Also breath, sweat, lactation, etc
Highly lipid soluble drugs are not excreted, they must first be broken down into less soluble metabolites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The time it takes for the drug to be reduced to 50% of the original plasma level
Takes 6 half-lives for a drug to be more than 98% limited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ETOH does not have a half-life
It is metabolized at a rate of 10 cc of 200 proof/ hr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The amount of time needed for a drug to reach a steady concentration
Time to reach steady state is
T = 6(Half-life) |
|
|
Term
| Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) |
|
Definition
Measurement of drug concentration at receptor
Maintains optimal treatment levels of the drug
Specific for each drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The mechanisms of drug action that occur at the molecular level
The study of the pharmacological, physiological, and behavioral effects of a drug following interaction with their receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The degree to which a drug binds to a receptor
Influences the effectiveness of the drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CNS stimulants
CNS depressants
Analgesics
Hallucinogens
Psychotherapeutics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Can be plotted for 1 person or as a % of subjects responding
Demonstrates
- Potency:Amount needed for effect
-Efficacy:Maximum effect obtainable
-Variability:Individual difference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
LD-50 lethal dose where 50% die
ED-50 effective dose at which 50% are treated
LD is the same as TD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Developed from dose response curves
Ratio of ED-50 to LD-50
The higher the index the safer the drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Effect of one drug can be modified when administered with another drug
EtOH and benzos or pot
–At high doses the effects compound each other
EtOH and other drugs in general
–EtOH opens BBB letting more drugs into the brain
Failed birth control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Effects related to the principle action of the drug
Effects that are unrelated to the principle action of the drug
–Allergic reaction
More side-effects are minor, however, some can be fatal
–Chronic liver and kidney damage
Tyramine fatalities |
|
|
Term
| Effects of Repeated Administration |
|
Definition
Tolerance
–State of decreasing responsiveness to a drug
–need to take more and more drug to get the same effect
–tolerance leads to withdrawal symptoms |
|
|
Term
Tolerance
3 mechanisms of action |
|
Definition
Metabolic
–Drug induces P450 enzymes
Pharmacodynamic
-Receptors are down regulated
Behavioral
–Environmental factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Is different than tolerance
The person is dependent on the drug to avoid the unpleasant withdraw symptoms associated with not taking the drug
Can occur with therapeutic drugs also
–SSRI’s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chronic use can cause sensitization
Also known as reverse tolerance
Occurs as an enhancement of particular drug effects
–Motor activity and stereotypy is sensitized after repeated use of stimulants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sensory Neurons
– gather information from the sensory receptors
and carry it back to the brain; PNS
• Motor Neurons
– carries motor signals to the muscles; PNS
• Interneurons
– small neurons that connect other neurons; CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Semi-permeable membrane
– some molecules can cross, most kept out
• Formed by cells of the capillaries
• Maintains the homeostasis of the brain
• Weak in the area postrema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oligo’s wrap ~ 15 internodes each
Schwann’s wrap only 1 internode
They differ biochemically
- Produce different results during axonal regeneration following injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form myelin sheath in CNS
wrap ~ 15 internodes each
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form myelin sheath in PNS
wrap only 1 internode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gila: support, nutrition, phagocytosis
– astrocytes: support
– microglia: phagocytosis, immune system
– oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheath in CNS
– Schwann cells: form myelin sheath in PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anterograde AT: Kinesin
Retrograde AT: Dynein |
|
|
Term
|
Conduction of the action potential |
|
Definition
|
-all-or-none law
- Rate law
- Saltatory conduction |
|
|
Term
| 6 Internal Structures of a Neuron |
|
Definition
-Cell Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer, semipermeable
- Nucleus: Contains DNA
- Mitochondria: Produces ATP, energy
- Golgi Apparatus: Packages chemicals
- Ribosomes: Produces proteins
- Microtubules: Protein strands that conduct
axoplasmic transport |
|
|
Term
|
How is the resting membrane potential (rmp) measured and what is it? |
|
Definition
Giant squid axon
Oscilloscope
Resting membrane potential is –70 mV |
|
|
Term
Ionic Movements of Cells
Na-K pump |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dura mater - Hard protective covering
A.M. Arachnoid Membrain - Part of ventricular system, cushions the brain with CSF
S.S. Subarachnoid Space - Filled with CSF
P.M. Pia mater- Contains blood vessels |
|
|
Term
Organization of the Nervous System
First 2 layers
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 6 stages of CNS Development |
|
Definition
1. Neurogenesis - non-neural cells divide to produce neurons
2. Cell Migration - neurons use radial glial cells to move
away from the ventricular zone, chemical markers
3. Differentiation - turn into distinct types of neurons
4. Synaptogenesis - form synaptic contacts with each other
5. Cell Death - massive cell death (apoptosis)
6. Rearrangement - refinement of connections |
|
|
Term
Name the 5 major divisions of the brain |
|
Definition
- telencephalon
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- metencephalon
- myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
| 2 areas of the Mesencephalon |
|
Definition
-Also called the midbrain
- Tectum
- Tegmentum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Metencephalon
-Myelencephalon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- The second division of the forebrain
- Thalamus: a collection of nuclei, major projection to cortex: LGN - visual processing :MGN - auditory processing
- Hypothalamus: controls autonomic and endocrine systems: 4 F’s: controls the pituitary gland
-Sub Thalamic Nucleus (Subthalamus)
: motor control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Telencephalon
Diencephalon |
|
|
Term
| 3 parts of the Telencephalon |
|
Definition
Cerebrum
Basal Ganglia
Limbic system |
|
|
Term
| 3 Parts of the Diencephalon |
|
Definition
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamic Nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Forebrain
Mesencephalon "Midbrain"
Hindbrain |
|
|
Term
| 2 Parts of the Melencephalon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inferior colliculi
Super colliculi |
|
|
Term
Name the 4 lobes in the Cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
Frontal - rostral to central sulcus
Parietal - caudal to central sulcus
Temporal - ventral to lateral fissure
Occipital - caudal to parietal and temporal lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Name 3 Limbic System structures
|
|
Definition
Limbic Cortex
Amgydala: aggression, fear, anxiety
Hippocampus: learning & memory |
|
|
Term
|
Name 3 parts and uses of Basal Ganglia |
|
Definition
1.Caudate
2.Putamen
3.Globus Pallidus
Movement control, Reinforcement, Addiction |
|
|
Term
| Names the 2 areas of the Tectum |
|
Definition
| superior and inferior colliculi (vision & audition) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Cerebellum: coordinated movement: cerebellar cortex, deep nuclei, peduncles,
-Pons: part of reticular formation, sleep, arousal, relays information from cerebral cortex to cerebellum
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medulla Oblongata: controls vital life functions |
|
|
