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Chapter 3
How Drugs Work in the Body and on the Mind
76
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 3
02/12/2013

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Cards

Term
Double-Blind
Definition
A procedure in drug research in which neither the individual administering a chemical substance nor the individual receiving it knows whether the substance is the drug being evaluated or an active placebo.
Term
Placebo
Definition
Latin term translated “I will please”. Any inert substance that produces a psychological or physiological reaction.
Term
Nucleus Accumbens
Definition
A region in the limbic system of the brain considered to be responsible for the rewarding effects of several drugs of abuse.
Term
Blood-Brain Barrier
Definition
A system whereby some substances in the bloodstream are excluded from entering the nervous system.
Term
Serotonin
Definition
A neurotransmitter in the brain whose activity is related to emotionality and sleep patterns.
Term
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
Definition
An inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Antianxiety drugs tend to facilitate the activity level of GABA in the brain.
Term
Glutamate
Definition
An excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. It’s receptors are associated with action of PCP and ketamine and with feelings of drug craving.
Term
Endorphins
Definition
A class of chemical substances, produced in the brain and elsewhere in the body, that mimic the effects of morphine and other opiate drugs.
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
A neurotransmitter active in the sympathetic autonomic nervous system and in many regions of the brain.
Term
Dopamine
Definition
A neurotransmitter in the brain whose activity is related to emotionality and motor control.
Term
Reuptake
Definition
The process by which a neurotransmitter returns from the receptor site to the synaptic knob.
Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
A neurotransmitter active in the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system, cerebral cortex, and peripheral somatic nerves.
Term
Neurotransmitter
Definition
A chemical substance that a neuron uses to communicate information at the synapse.
Term
Synapse
Definition
The juncture between neurons, it consists of a synaptic knob, the intervening gap, and receptor sites on a receiving neuron.
Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition
The portion of the forebrain devoted to a high level of information processing.
Term
Neuron
Definition
The specialized cell in the nervous system designed to receive and transmit information.
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the spinal cord and the brain.
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
The portion of the nervous system that consists of nerves and nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system and outward to muscles and glands.
Term
Sympathetic Branch of the Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
The portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls bodily changes that deal with stressful or emergency situations.
Term
Parasympathetic Branch of the Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
THe portion of the autonomic nervous system that controls the bodily changes that lead to increased nurturance, rest, and maintenance.
Term
Cross-Dependence
Definition
A phenomenon in which one drug can be used to reduce the withdrawal symptoms following the discontinuation of another drug.
Term
Cross-Tolerance
Definition
A phenomenon i which the tolerance that results from the chronic use of one drug induces a tolerance effect with regard to a second drug that has not been used before.
Term
Potentiation
Definition
The property of a synergistic drug interaction in which one drug combined with another drug produces an enhanced effect when one of the drugs alone would have had no effect.
Term
Synergism
Definition
The property of a drug interaction in which the combination effect of two drugs exceeds the effect of either drug administered alone.
Term
Latency Period
Definition
An interval of time during which the blood levels of a drug are not yet sufficient for a drug effect to be observed.
Term
Elimination Half-Life
Definition
The length of time it takes for a drug to be reduced to 50 percept of its equilibrium level in the bloodstream.
Term
Metabolite
Definition
A by-product resulting from the biotransformation process.
Term
Biotransformation
Definition
The process of changing the molecular structure of a drug into forms that make it easier for the body to excrete it.
Term
Transdermal Patch
Definition
A device attached to the skin that slowly delivers the drug through skin absorption.
Term
Sublingual
Definition
Applied under the tongue.
Term
Intranasal
Definition
Applied to the mucous membranes of the nose.
Term
Subcutaneous (s.c. or sub-Q)
Definition
Underneath the skin.
Term
Intramuscular (i.m.)
Definition
Into a muscle.
Term
Intravenous (i.v.)
Definition
Into a vein.
Term
Intrathecal (I.T.)
Definition
Spinal Tap/ Epidural.
Term
Oral, Injection, Inhalation & Absorption
Definition
Four basic ways to administer drugs into the body.
Term
Injection
Definition
The method of administration that gets drugs into the bloodstream the fastest.
Term
Inhalation
Definition
The method of administration that gets drugs into the Brain’s receptors the fastest.
Term
Lipid-Soluble
Definition
A … drug gets into the system faster and stays in the system longer.
Term
Urinary Excretion
Definition
Most drugs are eliminated from the body through ...
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Drugs are broken down for elimination by the action of … in the liver.
Term
Weight, Gender and Ethnic Background
Definition
Some characteristics that can play a definite role in the effect of a drug include the individual’s ...
Term
CNS
Definition
Part of our nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord where our receptors are.
Term
PNS
Definition
Part of the nervous system that includes the spinal and cranial nerves and work on the arms, legs, head, neck, etc.
Term
Somatic System
Definition
Connect CNS to voluntary muscles
Term
Autonomic System
Definition
Connects CNS to involuntary muscles, glands.
Term
Sympathetic System
Definition
Fight or Flight.
START
Term
Parasympathetic System
Definition
Brings you to equilibrium.
STOP
Term
Hindbrain, Midbrain and Forebrain.
Definition
3 Major Division within the Brain
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Has the most receptors.
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Controls movement and balance.
Term
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Definition
Involved in the release of hormones.
Term
The forebrain
Definition
… is the most recently evolved region of the brain (and largest); it controls the most complex behaviors and processes the most complex information.
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
Involved in Memory.
Term
Neuronal level
Definition
In general, drugs work at the … by altering neurotransmitter release, receptor binding, or reuptake at the synapse.
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
A sheath that surrounds axons and insulates them, preventing messages from spreading between adjacent axons.
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
A naked portion of a myelinated axon.
Term
Terminal Button (or Bouton)
Definition
The bud at the end of a branch of an axon; forms synapses with another neuron, sends information to that neuron.
Term
Neurotransmitter (NT)
Definition
A chemical that is released by a Terminal Button; has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron.
Term
Pharmacokinetics
Definition
How drugs move in the body.
Term
Pharmacodynamics
Definition
How drugs find their binding site.
Term
PONS
Definition
Involved in sleep.
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Relay station.
Term
Basal Ganglia
Definition
Involved in movement.
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Get rid of waste products from intracellular fluid.
Term
Synaptic Vesicles
Definition
Filled with Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators.
Term
Only ONE kind
Definition
Each Neuron contains … of Neurotransmitter.
Term
Ach
Definition
In every nerve muscle function.
Involved in Alzheimer's & Dementia.
Involved in Paralysis from spider bites, botox, botulinium, etc.

Receptors: Muscarinic & Nicotinic (in hippocampus)
Term
DA
Definition
An increase can lead to psychosis.
A decrease can lead to Parkinson’s.
It regulates body temperature, and release of hormones.
Involved in the reward pathway.

Receptors: D1, D2, D3, D4, & D5 (in hypothalamus and pituitary)
Term
NE
Definition
Comes from a breakdown of Dopamine.
An increase can lead to ADHD and ADD.
A decrease can lead to Depression and effect emotional states.
Term
Serotonin NT
Definition
An increase can lead to hallucinations.
A decrease is linked to depression.
Term
Histamine
Definition
Involved in Sleep.
Term
Adenosine
Definition
Involved in sleep.
Term
Glutamate and GABA
Definition
Neurotransmitters that are Yin and Yang Opposites.
Term
GL
Definition
The excitatory NT.
Involved in Panic Attacks.
Term
Gaba
Definition
The inhibitory NT.
Modulates wilder chemicals.
A decrease can lead to seizures.
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