Term
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Definition
| what the body does to the drug; how drugs move through biological systems; metabolism, excretion, administration, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| what the drug does to the body; how the drug works; site of action, mechanism of action; determines therapeutic effects; key to developing new drugs |
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Term
| list methods of drug absorption |
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Definition
| parenteral (through skin), including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal; intravenous; inhalation; intranasal; transdermal; rectal; oral |
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Term
| speed of diffusion across stomach/intestine wall is determined by the ratio of ___ to ___ |
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Definition
| water solubility to lipid solubility |
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Term
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Definition
| pH at which drug goes into solution; pKa must be absorbable in that solution |
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Term
| because a drug needs to be lipid soluble to cross cell membrane and dissolve, want more ___ forms |
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Definition
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Term
| acids become ___ ionized in stomach and becomes more ___ soluble); bases become ___ ionized in stomach and becomes ___ (and is ___) |
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Definition
| less, more; more, more water soluble (urinated out) |
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Term
| what are the four factors affecting the distribution of drugs? |
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Definition
| depot binding; protein binding; blood brain barrier; placental barrier |
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Term
| chemical binds to fatty tissue and gets stuck, therefore not available to brain; depletes amount of drug available and will slowly diffuse |
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Definition
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Term
| binding in blood, shuttle drug to liver, inactivates drug |
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Definition
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Term
| primary goal of any drug regime is ___ |
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Definition
| maintenance of a constant plasma level |
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Term
| when a drug enters portal circulation and passes through liver before entering general circulation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mean toxic dose / mean effective dose |
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Term
| the PNS is broken down into ___ and ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| the ___ nervous system receives sensory input and is responsible for voluntary motor control |
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Definition
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Term
| the ___ nervous system is responsible for smooth muscle control and is broken down into ___ and ___ |
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Definition
| autonomic, sympathetic, parasympathetic |
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Term
| this branch of the autonomic nervous system works to conserve energy |
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Definition
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Term
| this branch of the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight/flight response, it works to expend energy (e.g., increase HR, decrease digestion, etc.) |
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Definition
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Term
| you are most likely to see side effects in which branch of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| this lobe is responsible for the planning and thought needed in order to move or behave |
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Definition
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Term
| this lobe is responsible for bodily sensations and somatosensory experiences |
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Definition
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Term
| this lobe is responsible for auditory and sensory integration, it shares responsibility for language with the frontal lobe |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the five primary areas of cortex? the rest is referred to as what? |
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Definition
| visual, auditory, somatosensory, gustatory, and motor cortex; associational cortex |
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Term
| the limbic system is comprised of: ___ - responsible for learning and memory; ___ - emotion; and ___ - reward |
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Definition
| hippocampus; amygdala; nucleus accumbens |
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Term
| the ___ consists of the ___, ___, and ___, all of which are responsible for motor control |
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Definition
| basal ganglia, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, putamen |
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Term
| sensory relay station; contains nuclei that receive sensory information and transmits it to cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| species-typical behavior, four Fs, control of autonomic nervous system, control of pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
| the anterior portion of the pituitary receives signals from ___; the posterior receives signals from ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| communication WITHIN the neuron is referred to as... |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three factors that contribute to the resting membrane potential? |
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Definition
| diffusion, electrostatic pressure, Na+/K+ pump |
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Term
| the Na+/K+ pump pushes out ___ and pulls in ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| opening of ___ channels leads to action potential |
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Definition
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Term
| the shape and size of an action potential stays the same |
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Definition
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Term
| strength of stimulus is determined by the number, not the size, of action potentials |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the five properties of an action potential? |
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Definition
| 1. all or none event, 2. fixed amplitude, 3. propagated down the axon, 4. conduction velocity, 5. has a refractory period |
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Term
| in what two ways might drugs affect action potentials? |
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Definition
| alter function of Na+ channels, alter balance of ions |
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Term
| communication BETWEEN neurons is referred to as... |
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Definition
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Term
| list the six steps in synaptic transmission |
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Definition
| 1. influx of Ca++, 2. vesicles dock and fuse, 3. NT released, 4. NT binds to post-synaptic receptors (metabotropic or ionotropic), 5. receptor activation (post-synaptic ion channels, IPSP or EPSP), 6. termination - reputake and enzymatic deactivation |
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Term
| when the post-synaptic neuron experiences an increase in voltage, it is called ___; this is caused by ___ |
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Definition
| EPSP; ligand gated Na+ channels |
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Term
| when the post-synaptic neuron experiences a decrease in voltage, it is called ___; this is caused by ___ |
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Definition
| IPSP; ligand gated K+ channels |
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Term
| a ligand that activates a particular receptor when it binds |
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Definition
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Term
| a ligand that binds but does not activate receptor; blocks both ___ and ___ |
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Definition
| antagonist; IPSPs and EPSPs |
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Term
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Definition
| full (full behavioral effect, similar to NT), partial (less affinity than NT, less of a behavioral effect), inverse (opposite effect) |
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Term
| L-DOPA Is a precursor to all three catecholamines, which are... |
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Definition
| dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine |
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Term
| in the catecholamine synthesis, what is the rate limiting step? |
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Definition
| TH (tyrosine hydroxylase) |
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Term
| in what three ways are catecholamines inactivated? |
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Definition
| primarily reuptake, enzymatic deactivation, and metabolites |
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Term
| DA: substantia nigra --> basal ganglia, used for ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| DA: ventral tegmental area --> limbic system, used for ___ |
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Definition
| reward, reinforcement, motivation |
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Term
| DA: ventral tegmental area --> prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, used for ___ |
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Definition
| short term memories, planning, problem solving |
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Term
| DA: hypothalamus --> pituitary, used for ___ |
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Definition
| inhibition of prolactin release |
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Term
| what are the two main families of dopamine receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ dopamine receptors stimulate the cell, are primarily post-synaptic, create EPSPs |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ dopamine receptors inhibit the cell, are pre- and post-synaptic |
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Definition
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Term
| DA drugs have three major mechanisms, what are they? |
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Definition
| block reuptake, receptor agonists, and receptor antagonists |
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Term
| forebrain norepinephrine is involved in ___ and ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| norepinephrine increases ___ and ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two families of norepinephrine receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| alpha NE receptors can be ___ or ___ and can either be ___ (Type I) or ___ (Type II) |
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Definition
| positive or negative, excitatory, inhibitory |
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Term
| acetylcholine is inactivated primarily through ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| ACh neurons stimulate the pons --> other hindbrain structures, affecting ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| ACh neurons stimulate the medial septum --> hippocampus and cortex, affecting ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| ACh neurons stimulate the basal forebrain --> cortex, leading to ___ |
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Definition
| cognition, arousal, attention |
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Term
| list the two types of ACh receptors |
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Definition
| muscarine receptors (metabotropic), nicotinic receptors (ioinotropic) |
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Term
| blocking ACh can lead to ___ and ___ |
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Definition
| confusion, impaired cognition |
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Term
| the primary means by which 5-HT is inactivated is ___; another means is ___ |
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Definition
| synaptic reuptake; enzymatic deactivation |
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