• condition response of anticipation and seeking the response
• preoccupation is the cognitive correlate of this anticipation
• seeking the reinforcement is behavioral correlate

Role of dopamine in anticipation of reward

levels increase in anticipation of reward

Neuronal pathway for reward

• VTA releases dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

How is behavior regulated?

• go system- amygdala (emotions)
• stop system- prefrontal cortex (reflective)

• reinforcement (positive and negative)
• learning and memory (classical, operant conditioning)
• incentive salience
• stress response system

1. functional homeostasis
2. use
3. binge intoxication
4. frequent heavy use
5. neural and behavioral adaptation
6. deteriorating function
7. allostasis (sick homeostasis)

• classical- craving (incentive salience) invoked by conditioned cues
• operant- spontaneous action resulting in reward or removal in noxious experience (shape behavior through learning and memory)

• after period of prolonged use
• lead to escalation in use to achieve an effect and increase dysphoria

• after period of abstinence, then you use once and cannot control yourself
• it leads to craving and rapid reinstatement of addiction

• occurs after prolonged use
• leads to dysphoria and the inability to experience pleasure (anhedonia)

• preoccupation anticipation
• binge intoxication
• withdrawal negative affect

• subjective sense of loss of control (larger amounts/longer time w/ persistent desire/ not successful in cutting down)
• adverses consequences (persistent or recurrent physical/psyc. problem)
• physiological dependence (tolerance, withdrawl)

• all the common features
• persistent problems
  • role failure
  • physical hazard (drunk driving)

Severities of alcoholism

• mild- exceed daily limits, no current symptoms
• moderate/harmful use- exceed daily limits with current symptoms
• severe- exceed limits daily or near daily, current symptoms, withdrawl
• chronic dependence

• more than 70% have one episode only
• last four years or lest
• those with more than one have five episodes
• the episodes decrease in length