1.Describe

2. Predict

3. Explain

4. Control/Change

- Study one or a few individuals in depth

-Frued

ADV: Naturally acting, you can observe many different people

DISADV: Can't control any of the other variables

People report behavior, beliefs, or opinions.

EX: Phone surveys

ADV: Prestty large sample size, convienent

DISADV: Pepople may be dishonest and often have trouble getting responses. When you do get a response, does this response represent a whole? Also, interviewers or questions can be leading

- Mean: average of scores

- Mode: Average of scores

- Median: Median score

-Organizes data in a score distribution so taht we know the frequency of each score (How much each score occured)

- x axis- whatever you are counting

- y axis- number of data points

Are asymmetrical in shape

- Negatively Skewed distribution- Distribution lower than median, bell curve to the right

-Positively Skewed distribution- Distribution higher than mean

Involves measuring variables that are already in place

- Could use descriptive methods to get data

- How much one variable predicts the other

1. Direction of scatter

- Tells us whether realtionship between two variables is positive (upward sloping) or negative (downward sloping)

2. Amount/ spread of scatter (suggests strength of relationship)

- Little scatter: Strong relationship/ correlation

- Big scatter- Weak or no relationship

Third Variable

- Something is causing the other two ( in the Fruit Loops example, younger people are more likely to eat Fruit Loops while older people will eat Bran, and older people are more at risk for cancer!)

Can not determine which variable caused which

- EX: TV watching and obesity

Goal #3: What does Explaining Behavior help to do?

Measure taken in the experiment

- Response

Assigning participants such that each partiipant has some chance of being in a given condition

- MInimizing pre existing difference between participants

- All about experimental control!

Random Assignment VS Random Sampling

Random Assignment:

- Assign everyon in a random way

Random Sampling

-You have to represent the whole populationi

Crterion= .05

There is a 5% chance is due to a fluke, 95% chance it is real

Equalizing differences

-Cause and effect more easily established

1. Generaliziablity- Wheter the lab is too artificial

2. Demand Characteristics- Clues that the expermienter gives of how the person is "supposed" to feel

3. Experimenter Bias- How they conduct the Experiment

4. Ethics- Is it right?

- Make observations, develelop theory, describe phenomenon

-Attempt to find variables that are related (correlatoins)

-Use that info to develop experiment and test hypothesis

-From findings conclude what may be useful to change to prevent this sort of behavior

To pass information

Neuro transmitters>Axon synapsis>Recieving end>Axon Terminal>Synapsis>Receptor sites and dendrites

AD- Quick response

DISADV- Only looks at activities on surface area

Measured response to a particular event

-Records changes in brians activity according to certain stimulus (event related)

-Remember example officer shot man with a moon (unexpected word)

Observe blood flow or activity in any part of the brain

MRI- Measure hydrogen

fMRI- Measure Oxygen to observe oxygen level changes

Images can be blurry and delayed

in charge of

-Sleep

-Wakefullness

Visual or auditory reflexes

-Something coming at you? This reacts

Forebrain

Motor information

-Thalmus, hypothalmus

--Fighting, feeding, mating, regulates hormones by controlling the pituatary gland

Outermost surface of the brain

- Increasing surface area

-Convolutions (bumps and grooves) so we can process more

-Logic

-Puzzles

-Test

-Verbal

-Visual cues

-Wholistic

-Maps

Visual center

Processes color, shape, and depth perception

Processes visual information

Primary auditory cortex and hearing

Primary source for primary language learning

Speech comprehension and production

Temporal lobe

Wernicke's area- speech production is normal with rhythm and sound and fluency but the words themselves make no sense

Temporal Lobe

Understand the meaning of things

-Both words and visual images

Damange can lead to agnosia (loss of knowledge)

Visual agnosia

Integrates sensory information

-With information and memory inputs

Spacial navigation

You feel the senses of limbs that are no longer there

-Leaves no imput for neurons

-Makes contact with the part of the brain for the missing limb's feeling

-While the nerves on the limb itself do not exsist, the sensory nerves in the brain still exsist

Frontal Lobe

- Damage leads to expressive aphasia

-Halting but contentful speech

-Not fluent (VS Wernike's area)

 -Non complicated, gramatically

- "Me Tarzan, you Jane"

Frontal Lobe

-Motor map

-Orgainized topographically

Cerrebelum- actions that are automatic, left and right hand movements

-Occipital love-Color, shape, depth, preception, speed limits ect

-Hippocampus-Remember where you are going, special location

Thalmus-sensory information, relays visual and auditory cues

Pariental lobe- Special navigation

Temporal lobe- accidents around you, listening to radio

Medulla and ponse- tied to vital functions (heartbeat)

Limbic system- telease of all emotions in the mid brain

Corpus Callosum-connection between right and left himisphere

Internal Processes are not worth studying, they are ineffective. They use circular reasoning.

-It is all about behavorial change not the mental states

-Organisms are blank slates, environment makes it what it is

Oberseve whether the dog salivates to a particular stimilus (tone ect)

-The dog does not salivate

Sound the tone again followed by meat

-The dog salivates

Sound the tone without food

-The dog salivates!

Conditioned stimilus and conditioned response

-Usually involves learning of involuntary responses

Without the food, the bell caused less and less salivation

-When there is no salivation is its extinction

-Extinction does not return to unconditioned state

-It can recover if meat is paired with bell again, this is spontaneous recovery

When other simuli elicts the same response

-EX: The dog would salivate and generalize to other tones I.E. bells or tones

Only high (and not low) tones associated with podered meat

-Dog can tell which tones bring meat and which dont

-Remember quiz question about dog being able to tell which car is yours when it pulls in the driveway

You can include a light with the tone that is associated with the meat, and eventually only the light will be needed

Can't extintuish fear

-Speed of extinction is unpredictable

-People usually aviod what they are afraid of

What can you do?

-Counter conditioning- Associate fear with good feeling (Little Albert)

Systematic disintegratoin- building up a response against the rabbit

Puzzle Boxes

-cleverness was just trial and error

-Well practiced cat recalls actoins that brings reward

-Action bring reward is then stamped into their minds

Skinner box experiments

-Pigeons placed in operant chamber

-Pegeon always hungry

-Trained to peck when it says peck and ect

Reinforcement brings about learning

A complex behavior can be learned by chaining together simpler components of the end behavior

-Accumulation of small parts: getting dressed, counting, tying shoes

What and how people learn from one another

-How does modeling after one another affect behavior

-teaching new behavior

--influencing previous forbidden behanvior

-Increasing similar behavior

Learning by witnessing others behavior

-Trying behaviors

-No reinforcement

-Learner learns from someone else being reinforced or punished

The awarness and recognition of the things in the world using sensory information

-Determine what objects are out there

1. Stimulus energy impacts sense receptors

2. Sense organ tranduces the stimulus energy into an electrical code

3 This code is sent to the cebral cortex, resulting in a psychological experience

Proximal stimuli

Principles of Grouping: Similarity

Bottom up: Different parts together to see as a whole

Top Down: Use info you konw to inderstand what you are seeing

Further objects appear less detailed

Close objects appear more detailed

Closer is less similar images betwee eyes